Victim Privacy and the Open Court Principle

• Previous Page
• Table of Contents
• Next Page

Chapter Seven: Selected Bibliography

Canada

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms

• Schedule B of the Canada Act, 1982 , (U.K.) 1982, c. 11
• s.1 (guarantee of rights and freedoms subject only to reasonable limits)
• s.2(b) (fundamental freedoms: freedom of expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication)
• s.7 (legal rights: life, liberty and security of the person, and principles of fundamental justice)
• s.8 (legal rights: the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure)
• s.15 (equality rights: equality before and under law and equal protection and benefit of law)

Criminal Code

• R.S. 1985, c. C-46
• s. 276 Complainant privacy in several assault proceedings: evidence of complainant's sexual activity inadmissible ("rape shield" provisions)
• s. 276.2(1) Jury and public excluded from hearings to determine the admissibility of evidence under s.276 (2) (upon application as per s.276.1)
• s. 276.3 Ban on publication of information in s.276.1 hearing
• s. 278.1-9 Production of record to accused
• s. 486 (1) Exclusion of public from the courtroom in certain cases
• s. 486 (1.1) Protection of child witnesses
• s. 486 (2.1) Complainant or witness under the age of 18 or who has mental or physical disability may testify outside the courtroom (behind a screen/closed-circuit TV)
• s. 486 (2.2) Condition of exclusion (re: testimony given under s.486 (2.2))
• s. 486 (2.3) Accused not to personally cross-examine child witness
• s. 486 (4.1) Victim/witness anonymity in proceedings not covered by s.486(3)
• s. 517 Publication ban on "show cause" hearing at bail proceedings (mandatory on application by the accused)
• s. 539 Ban on publication of evidence taken at preliminary inquiry (mandatory on application by the accused)
• s. 542 (2) Ban on publication of admission or confessions tendered in evidence at the preliminary inquiry
• s. 648 (1) Ban on publication of information at trial which was not presented to jury
• s. 649 Ban on the disclosure of jury proceedings
• s. 715.1 Videotape evidence of young complainant or witness in sexual assault proceedings is admissible

Young Offenders Act

• R.S. 1985, c. Y-1
• s. 17 (1) Order restricting publication of information presented at transfer hearing (upon application)
• s. 38 (1) Identity not to be published (applies to accused, victim, witnesses)
• s. 39 (1) Exclusion of any or all unnecessary persons from hearing

Youth Criminal Justice Act

• R.S. 2002, c.1
• s. 110(1) Identity of offender not to be published
• s.111(1) Identity of victim or witness not to be published
• s.118(1) No access to records unless authorized
• s.132(1) Exclusion from hearing
• Related Provincial Legislation

Child & Family Services Act

• R.S.O. 1990, c. C-11
• s. 45 (4) Hearings private unless court orders otherwise
• s. 45 (7) Order excluding media representatives or prohibiting publication (where the court is of the opinion that the presence of the media or the publication of the report would cause emotional harm to a child involved in the proceedings)
• s. 45 (8) Prohibition: identifying child
• (applies to witness, participant, subject in proceedings, or child's parents or member of child's family)

Courts of Justice Act

• R.S.O. 1990, c. C-43
• s. 135 (2) Exclusion of public where there is the possibility of serious harm or injustice to any person
• s. 135 (3) Disclosure of information of hearing under s.135 (2) (not contempt of court unless disclosure is expressly prohibited)
• s. 136 (1) Prohibition against photography, etc., at court hearing

Fatality Inquiries Act

• R.A.S. 2000, c. F-9
• s. 41 Private hearings (proceedings can be closed if they involve disclosure of matters of public security, or intimate or personal matters)

Provincial Offences Act

• R.S.O. 1990, c. P-33
• s. 52 (2) Excluding public from hearing (for specific purpose)
• s. 52 (3) Prohibition of publication of evidence or identity (to protect the reputation of a minor)

Victims Rights

• Victims Bill of Rights, 1995
• S.O. 1999, c.6
• The Victims' Rights Act
• S.M. 1998, c.44

Case Law

• Scott v. Scott , [1913] A.C. 417
• (endorsing the open court principles and rejecting privacy as grounds for an in camera hearing)
• Nova Scotia v. MacIntyre , [1982] 1 S.C.R. 175
• (balancing the open court principles against law enforcement objectives and the privacy of the innocent in a search warrant context)
• Vickery v. N.S.S.C. (Prothonotary), [1991] 1 S.C.R. 671
• (denying a journalist access to videotape evidence of an accused's confession which was illegally obtained)
• Aubry v. Les Editions Vice Versa Inc. , [1998] 1 S.C.R. 591
• (concluding that s.5 of the Quebec Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the right to one's image, as part of a right to privacy)
• A. (L.L.) v. B. (A.) , [1995] 4 S.C.R. 536
• (holding that the O'Connor procedure for determining defence access to a complainant's counselling and therapeutic records, in sexual assault proceedings, applies to records held by third party counselling institutions)
• Blencoe v. B.C. (Human Rights Commission) , [2000] 2 S.C.R. 307
• (discussing the scope of "security of the person" under s.7 of the Charter , in the context of a claim that delay in the processing of a human rights complaint of sexual harassment denied the accused his constitutional rights)
• Canadian Newspapers Co. v. Canada (A.G.), [1988] 2 S.C.R. 122
• (upholding a mandatory ban on the publication of the identity of sexual assault victims and reversing the Ontario Court of Appeal decision to invalidate the mandatory ban and uphold a discretionary ban); rev'd. (1985), 49 O.R. (2d) 557 (O.C.A.)
• CBC v. New Brunswick (A.G. ( Re: R. v. Carson)) , [1996] 3 S.C.R. 480
• (upholding s.486(1) of the Code , which permits exclusion orders, and invalidating the order in this case)
• Dagenais v. C.B.C. , [1994] 3 S.C.R. 835
• (invalidating a common law publication ban imposed to protect the fair trial of the accused)
• Edmonton Journal v. Alberta (A.-G.) , [1989] 2 S.C.R. 1326
• (invalidating a statutory publication ban on information disclosed in matrimonial proceedings)
• Hunter v. Southam , [1984] 2 S.C.R. 145
• (linking s.8's guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure to the right of privacy)
• M. (A.) v. Ryan , [1997] 1 S.C.R. 158
• (holding, in a civil action against a therapist for sexual misconduct, that a partial privilege attaches to psychiatric counselling records, to protect a compelling privacy interest)
• R. v. Adams , [1995] 4 S.C.R. 707
• (holding that a ban on victim identity under s.486(3) cannot be revoked without the complainant's consent)
• R. v. Carosella, [1997] 1 S.C.R. 80 (concluding that the accused has a constitutional entitlement to the production of documents, including counselling records, from either the Crown or third parties)
• R. v. Darrach , [2000] 2 S.C.R. 443
• (upholding the Criminal Code 's post- Seaboyer rape shield provisions)
• R. v. Ewanchuk , [1999] 1 S.C.R. 330 (confirming that mistake of fact is only available as a defence in sexual assault proceedings where the accused honestly believed the complainant had communicated consent)
• R. v. L. (D.O.) , [1993] 4 S.C.R. 419
• (upholding s. 486 (2.1) of the Criminal Code permitting young complainants for certain offences to testify behind screens)
• R. v. Levogiannis , [1993] 4 S.C.R. 475
• (upholding s. 715.1 of the Criminal Code and videotape evidence for young
• witnesses in sexual assault cases)
• R. v. Mentuck , [2001] 205 D.L.R. (4 ^th ) 512 ( S.C.C.)
• (articulating a publication ban doctrine to govern conflict between the open court principles and undercover police operations)
• R. v. Mills , [1986] 1 S.C.R. 863
• (discussing the accused's right to trial within a reasonable time under s.11(b))
• R. v. Mills , [1999] 3 S.C.R. 668
• (upholding Criminal Code provisions enacted after the decision in R. v. O'Connor and restricting an accused's access to a victim's private records)
• R. v. Morgentaler , [1988] 1 S.C.R. 30
• (invalidating the Criminal Code 's abortion provision and discussing security of the person under s.7)
• R. v. O'Connor , [1995] 4 S.C.R. 411
• (establishing a test to balance the accused's right of full answer and defence, and the victim's privacy right in counselling and therapeutic records)
• R. v. O.N.E. , [2001] 205 D.L.R. (4 ^th ) 542( S.C.C.)
• ( Companion case to Mentuck , above)
• R. v. Osolin , [1993] 4 S.C.R. 595
• (upholding the accused's right to cross-examine the complainant on her medical record in sexual assault proceedings)
• R. v. Regan , 2002 S.C.C. 12
• (denying a stay of proceedings in sexual assault proceedings on the ground that the importance of prosecuting sexual offences outweighed abuses of authority on the Crown's part)
• R. v. Seaboyer , [1991] 2 S.C.R. 577
• (invalidating the Criminal Code 's rape shield provisions)

Secondary Literature

• D. Alderson, " R. v. O'Connor and Bill C-46: Two Wrongs Do Not Make A Right" (1996-1997), 39 Crim. L.Q. 181-226.
• W. J. Anderson, "The Open Court and a Free Press: A View From the Bench", (1994), 23 L. Soc. Gaz. 64-67.
• N. Bala and H. McCormack, "Accommodating the Criminal Process to Child Witnesses: L. (D.O.) and Levogiannis " (1994), 25 C.R. (4 ^th ) 341-349.
• E. Bennett, "Disclosure of Complainant's Medical and Therapeutic Records" (1996), 1 Can. Crim. L. Rev. 17-30.
• K. Busby, "Discriminatory Uses of Personal Records in Sexual Violence Cases" (1997), 9 Canadian J. of Women's Law 148-177.
• J. Cameron, "Dialogue and Hierarchy in Charter Interpretation: A Comment on R. v. Mills (2001), 38 Alta. L. Rev . 1051-1968.
• , "Tradition and Change Under the Charter : The Adversary System, Third Party Interests and the Legitimacy of Criminal Justice in Canada", in J. Cameron, ed., The Charter's Impact on the Criminal Justice System (Toronto: Thomson Canada Ltd., 1996) 217-238.
• , "Toward a Theory of Responsible Justice", in Open Justice (Montreal: Les Editions Themis, 1994) 138-151.
• , "The Constitutional Domestication of our Courts: Openness and Publicity in Judicial Proceedings Under the Charter ", in P. Anisman and A. Linden, The Media, the Courts, and the Charter (Toronto: Carswell Co., 1986). 331-353.
• , "The Rationales for Openness in Judicial Proceedings and the Rationales for Placing Limits on the Principle of Openness" (September 1985), unpublished paper for the Law Reform Commission of Canada.
• S. Coughlan, "Complainants' Records After Mills : Same As It Ever Was" (2000), 33 C.R. (5 ^th ) 300-310.
• F. Davey, "Karla's Web: A Cultural Investigation of the Mahaffy-French Murders" (Toronto: Penguin Books, 1994).
• J. Dawson, "Compelled Production of Medical Records" (1998), 43 McGill L.J. 25-65.
• R. Delisle, "Adoption, Sub-silentio, of the Paciocco Solution to Rape Shield Laws" (2001), 36 C.R. (5 ^th ) 254-257.
• F. Falzon, "Hardly a 'Natural Born' Charter Right: Why Section 2(b) of the Charter Should Not Include a Right to Attend Hearings" (1994-1995), 5 N.J.C.L. 321-362.
• M. Fuerst, "When Societal Rights Outweigh A Right to Confrontation: Charter Protection for Child Witnesses", in J. Cameron, ed., The Charter's Impact on the Criminal Justice System (Toronto: Thomson Canada Ltd., 1996) 161-179.
• E. Grace, "Case Comment: R. v. Mills - Production of Health Records in Criminal Sexual Abuse Cases" (1999-2000), J. of Women's Health and Law 279-292.
• E. Grace, "Compelled Production from Third Parties of Health Records in Sexual Abuse Cases: Legal Principles and Procedures and Guidelines for Health Care Providers" (1999-2000) J. of Women's Health and Law 59-91.
• E. Grace and S. Vella, Civil Liability for Sexual Abuse and Violence in Canada (Toronto: Butterworths, 2000)
• J. Gilmour, "Counselling Records: Disclosure in Sexual Assault Cases", in J. Cameron, ed., The Charter's Impact on the Criminal Justice System (Toronto: Thomson Canada Ltd., 1996) 239-269.
• H. Holmes, "An Analysis of Bill C-46, Production of Records in Sexual Offence Proceedings" (1997), 2 Can. Crim. L. Rev. 71-110.
• K. Kelly, "You must be crazy if you think you were raped": Reflections on the Use of Complainants' Personal and Therapy Records in Sexual Assault Trials" (1997), 9 Can. J. of Women & the Law 178-195.
• Law Reform Commission of Canada, Public and Media Access to the Criminal Process , Working Paper 56 (1987)
• D. Layton, "Third Party Production, Legal-Professional Privilege and Full Answer and Defence" (2000), 5 Can. Crim. L. Rev . 277-316.
• M.D. Lepofsky, Open Justice: The Constitutional Right to Attend and Speak About Criminal Proceedings (Toronto: Butterworths, 1985).
• , "Open Justice in 1990: The Constitutional Right to Attend and Report on Proceedings", in D. Schneiderman, Freedom of Expression and the Charter (Toronto: Carswell Co., 1991) 3-84.
• A. Linden, "Limitations on Media Coverage of Legal Proceedings: A Critique and Some Proposals for Reform", in P. Anisman and A. Linden, eds., The Media, the Courts and the Charter , (Toronto, Carswell Co., 1986). 301-330.
• B. MacFarlane & H. Keating, "Horrific Video Tapes as Evidence: Balancing Open Court and Victims' Privacy" (1999), 41 Crim. L.Q. 413.
• D. MacIntosh, "Protecting Children: The Constitutionality of Sections 715.1 and 486(2.1) of the Criminal Code " (1993-1994), 4 N.J.C.L. 234-247.
• D. Martin, "Rising Expectations: Slippery Slope or New Horizon? The Constitutionalization of Criminal Trials in Canada", in J. Cameron, ed., The Charter's Impact on the Criminal Justice System (Toronto: Thomson Canada Ltd., 1996) 87-121.
• D. Paciocco, "Techniques for Eviscerating the Concept of Relevance: A Reply and Rejoinder to "Sex with the Accused on Other Occasions: The Evisceration of Rape Shield Protection" (1995), 33 C.R. (4 ^th ) 365-380.
• K. Roach, Due Process and Victims' Rights: The New Law and Politics of Criminal Justice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999)
• P. Sankoff, "Crown Disclosure after Mills : Have the Ground Rules Suddenly Changed?" (2000), 28 C.R. (5 ^th ) 285-294.
• H. Stewart, " R. v. Darrach : A Step Forward in the Constitutionalization of Fault?"(1999), 4 Can. Crim. L. Rev. 9-23
• D. Stuart, " Mills : Dialogue with Parliament and Equality by Assertion at What Cost? (2000), 28 C.R. (5 ^th ) 275-284.
• A. Young, The Victims of Crime Research Series , "The Role of the Victim in the Criminal Process: A Literature Review - 1989 to 1999.

U.K. and the Commonwealth

• A. Ashworth, "Victims' Rights, Defendants' Rights and Criminal Procedure" in A. Crawford and J. Goodey eds., Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice: International Debates , (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd., 2000) 185-204.
• R.A. Caldwell and J.M.E. Garrow, "Garrow and Caldwell's Criminal Law in New Zealand, 6 ^th ed." (Wellington: Butterworths of New Zealand Ltd., 1981) 360-361, 397.
• B. Cook, F. David and A. Grant, "Victim's Needs, Victim's Rights: Policies and Programs for Victims of Crime in Australia" (1999), Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 122-153.
• M. Findlay, S. Odgers and S. Yeo, Australian Criminal Justice (Victoria: Oxford University Press, 1999) 333-355.
• S. Garkawe, "The Role of the Victim During Criminal Court Proceedings" (1994), 17 UNSW L. J. 595-616.
• Great Britain Central Office of Information (1990), Victim's Charter: A Statement of the Rights of Victims of Crime , prepared for the Home Office by the Central Office of Information, London: H.M.S.O.
• R.I. Mawby, "Victims' needs or victims' rights: alternative approaches to policy-making" in M. Maguire and J. Pointing eds., Victims of Crime: a new deal? (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1988) 127-137.
• D. Miers, "The Responsibilities and the Rights of Victims of Crime" (1992), 55 Modern L. Rev. 402-505.
• H. Reeves and K. Mulley, "The New Status of Victims in the UK: Opportunities and Threats" in A. Crawford and J. Goodey, eds., Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice: International DebatesI (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd., 2000) 125-145.
• J. Shapland, "Victims and Justice: Needs, Rights and Services", in J. van Dijk et al. eds., Criminal Law in Action: An Overview of Current Issues in Western Societies (Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1986) 393-404.
• J.R. Spencer, "Improving the Position of the Victim in English Criminal Procedure" (1997), 31 Israel L. Rev. 286-299.

The United States

The United States Constitution

• First Amendment (guarantees the freedom of speech and the freedom of the press)
• Sixth Amendment (guarantees the accused in criminal prosecutions a speedy and public trial)

Case law

• Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn , 420 U.S. 469 (1975)
• (holding that a civil damages award for broadcasting the name of a rape-murder victim, obtained from courthouse records, was unconstitutional)
• Florida Star v. B.J.F. , 491 U.S. 524 (1989)
• (concluding that the First Amendment precludes damages against a newspaper for publishing the name of a rape victim which was obtained from a publicly released police report)
• Gannett Co. v. DePasquale , 443 U.S. 368 (1979)
• (holding that neither the press nor the public has the constitutional right to attend pre -trial criminal proceedings)
• Globe Newspaper Co. v. Superior Court , 457 U.S. 596 (1982)
• (holding that the mandatory closure of trials, for certain sexual offences, during the testimony of victims under age 18, violated the First Amendment)
• Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978)
• (holding unconstitutional a state law punishing media disclosure of confidential investigations into judicial misconduct)
• Nebraska Press Assn v. Stuart , 427 U.S. 539 (1976)
• (concluding that once a public hearing is held, what transpires cannot be subject to prior restraint)
• Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. District Court , 430 U.S. 308 (1977)
• (striking a state court injunction prohibiting the news media from publishing the name or photograph of a defendant in juvenile court)
• Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court of Calif. , 464 U.S. 501 (1984)
• (concluding that the guarantee of open public proceedings in criminal trials invcludes voir dire examination of jurors)
• Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia , 448 U.S. 555 (1980)
• (upholding a constitutionally protected right of access to courtrooms)
• Ross v. Midwest Communications , 870 F.2d 271 (5 ^th Cir. 1989)
• (holding that the use of a rape victim's first name and picture of her residence was not actionable as an invasion of privacy, because such details were newsworthy in the circumstances of that documentary)
• Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co. , 443 U.S. 97 (1979)
• (holding that newspapers cannot be charged for publishing the name of a juvenile offender)
• State v. Globe Communications Corp. , 648 So. (2d) 110 (1994)
• (finding Florida's provision protecting the identity of sex offense victims invalid on its face, in criminal proceedings against one of the newspapers that published the name of the victim in William Kennedy Smith's rape trial)

Secondary Literature

• P.A. Albrecht, "The Functionalization of the Victim in the Criminal Justice System" (1999), 3 Buff. Crim. L. Rev. 91.
• M. Ash, "On Witnesses: A Radical Critique of Criminal Court Procedures" in P. Rock, ed., Victimology (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Co. Ltd., 1994) 159-198.
• H. Benedict, "Commentaries" (1993), 61 Fordham L. Rev. 1141-1145).
• H. Benedict, Virgin or Vamp: How the Press Covers Sex Crimes (USA: Oxford University Press, 1992).
• B.J. Berlin, "Revealing the Constitutional Infirmities of the ' Crime Victims Protection Act ': Florida's New Privacy Statute for Sexual Assault Victims" (1995), 23 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 513-560.
• K. Chopra, "Peeping Press vs. Private Persecution: A Resolution of the Conflict between Freedom of the Press and Freedom From the Press" (1999), 19 Loy. L.A. Ent. L.J. 253-277.
• S. Cohn, "Protecting Child Rape Victims From the Public and Press After Globe Newspaper and Cox Broadcasting " (1983), 51 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 269-289.
• Comment ,"An Accommodation of Privacy Interests and First Amendment Rights in Public Disclosure Cases"(1976), 124 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1385-1417.
• D.W. Denno, "Perspectives on the Disclosing Rape Victims' Names" (1993), 61 Fordham L. Rev. 1113-1131, and "Commentaries", at 1133-45.
• L. Fairstein, "Commentaries"(1993), 61 Fordham L. Rev .1137-1140.
• G. M. Fenner & J.L. Koley, "Access to Judicial Proceedings: To Richmond Newspapers and Beyond"(1981),16 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 415-459.
• A. Frumkin, "The First Amendment and Mandatory Courtroom Closure in Globe NewspaperCo. v. Superior Court : The Press' Right, The Child Rape Victim's Plight"(1984), 11 Hastings Const. L. Q. 637-664.
• M. Gartner, "Commentaries"(1993), 61 Fordham L. Rev. 1133-1135.
• G. Giampetruzzi, "Raped Once but Violated Twice: Constitutional Protection of a Rape Victim's Privacy"(1992), 66 St. John's L. Rev. 151-177
• A. Goy, "The Victim-Plaintiff in Criminal Trials and Civil Law Responses to Sexual Violence"(1996), 3 Cardozo Women's L.J. 335-348.
• P. Grobman, "The Constitutionality of Statutorily Restricting Access to Judicial Proceedings: The Case of the Rape Shield Mandatory Closure Provision"(1986), 66 B.U. L. Rev. 271-310.
• C. Haughwout, "Prohibiting Rape Victim Identification in the Media: Is it Constitutional?"(1992), 23 U. Tol. L. Rev . 735-750.
• J. Hearn, " Globe Newspaper : Sounding the Death Knell for Closure in Courtroom Proceedings?"(1983), 3 Pace L. Rev. 395-414.
• Lynne Henderson, Criminal Law Symposium Commentary: "The Federal Victims' Rights Amendment" (1998), 10 St. Thomas L. Rev. 579.
• S. H. Hutt, "In Praise of Public Access: Why the Government Should Disclose the Identities of Alleged Crime Victims"(1991), 41 Duke L.J. 368-414.
• A. Koskela, "Victims' Rights Amendments: An Irresistible Political Force Transforms the Criminal Justice System" (1997), 34 IdahoL. Rev. 157.
• S. M. Leone, "Protecting Rape Victims' Identities: Balance Between the Right to Privacy and the First Amendment"(1993), 27 New Eng. L. Rev. 883-913.
• P. Marcus and T. McMahon, "Limiting Disclosure of Rape Victims' Identities"(1991), 64 Cal. L. Rev. 1019-1055.
• R. Mostseller, "Victims Rights and the Constitution: Moving from Guaranteeing Participatory Rights to Benefiting the Prosecution" (1998), 29 St. Mary's L.J. 1053.
• J. Nowaczewski, "The First Amendment Right of Access to Civil Trial After Globe NewspaperCo. v. Superior Court "(1984), 51 U. Chi. L. Rev. 286-314.
• K. O'Brien, "South Carolina: Last Haven for Rape Victim Privacy?"(1999), 50 S.C.L. Rev . 873-885 .
• L. Perry, "When Identities are 'Wrongfully Disclosed': How The Florida Star v. B.J.F. Has Changed Privacy Protection"(1990), 3 U. Fla. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y 101-135.
• W.T. Pizzi and W. Perron, "Crime Victims in German Courtrooms: A Comparative Perspective on American Problems"(1996), 32 Stanford J. of Int'l. L . 37-64.
• K. Rhodes, "Open Court Proceedings and Privacy Law: Re-Examining the Bases for the Privilege"(1996), 74 Tex. L. Rev. 881-912.
• K. Sanchez, "Barring the Media From the Courtroom in Child Abuse Cases: Who Should Prevail?"(1998), 46 Buff. L. Rev. 217-256.
• L. Sebba, "Will the "Victim Revolution" Trigger A Reorientation of the Criminal Justice System?"(1997), 31 Israel L. Rev . 379-428.
• M. Stanton, " Florida Star v. B.J.F. : The Wrongful Obliteration of the Tort of Invasion of
• Privacy Through the Publication of Private Facts"(1991), 18 Hastings Const. L.Q. 391-416.
• Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. D.Brandeis, "The Right to Privacy"(1890), 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193-220 .
• L. Weakland, "Confusion in the Courthouse: The Legacy of the Gannett and Richmond Newspapers Public Right of Access Cases"(1986), 59 S. Cal. L. Rev. 603-639.
• S. Wiegand, "Sports Heroes, Sexual Assault and the Unnamed Victim" (2001), 12 Marq. Sports L. Rev. 501-514.
• C. Work, "Whose Privacy?"(2001), 55 Montana L. Rev. 209 (1994).
• R.D. Workman, "Balancing the Right to Privacy and the First Amendment"(1992), 29 Hous. L. Rev. 1059-1089.

Civilian and Other Jurisdictions

• S. Boylan, "Coffee from a Samovar: The Role of the Victim in the Criminal Procedure of Russia and the Proposed Victims Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution" (1998), 4 U.C. Davis J. of Int'l. L & Pol'y 103-118.
• D. Krapac, "The Victim's Procedural Role in the Yugoslav Criminal Processes" (1985), 11 Rev. Of Socialist L . 369-386.
• M. Joutsen, "Changing Victim Policy: International Dimensions", in G. Kaiser, H. Kury, and J. Albrecht, eds., Victims and Criminal Justice Vol. 3, part 2 (Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 1991) 765-797.
• M. Joutsen, "Listening to the Victim: The Victim's Role in European Criminal Justice Systems" (1987), 34 Wayne L. Rev. 95-124.
• M. Kaiser, "The Status of the Victim in the Criminal Justice System According to the Victim Protection Act ", in G. Kaiser, H. Kuey, and J. Albrecht, eds., Victims and Criminal Justice Vol. 2 (Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 1991) 543-578.
• H. Kury and G. Kaiser, "The Victim's Position Within the Criminal Proceedings - An Empirical Study", in G. Kaiser, H. Kuey, and J. Albrecht, eds., Victims and Criminal Justice Vol. 2 (Freiburg: Max Planck Institute, 1991) 579-628.
• I. Melup, "United Nations: Victims of Crime; Implementation of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders; Measures Taken to Implement the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power" (1991), 2 Int'l. Rev. Victimology 29-59.
• E. Muller-Rappard, "Perspectives on the Council of Europe's Approach to the Issue of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime" (1990), 12 Human Rights Quarterly 281-245.
• J.F. Nijboer, "Protection of Victims in Rape and Sexual Abuse Cases in the Netherlands" (1997), 31 Israel L. Rev. 300-336.
• K. Stefanowicz, "The Victim of Crime in Polish Criminal Law" (1992), 21 Capital U. L. Rev. 83-94.
• J.J.M. van Dijk, "Victim Rights: A Right to Better Services or a Right to Active Participation?", in J. van Dijk et al. eds., Criminal Law in Action: An Overview of Current Issues in Western Societies (Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1986) 351-375.

United Nations

Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power

• A/Res/40/34, 29 November 1985, 96 ^th plenary meeting
• Para. 6(d) (providing that the responsiveness of judicial and administrative processes to the needs of victims should be facilitated by … taking measures to minimize inconvenience to victims, protect their privacy , when necessary, and ensure their safety)

International War Crimes Tribunal Act

• Art. 22 (stating that the International Tribunal shall provide in its rules and procedures for the protection of victims and witnesses, and that such measures shall include the conduct of in camera proceedings and the protection of the victim's identity)
• I. Melup "United Nations: Victims of Crime: Implementation of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders; Measures Taken to Implement the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (1991), 2 Int'l Rev. of Victimology 29-59

• Previous Page
• Table of Contents
• Next Page