- Endnote 1
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Information in this Section is based, in part, on the following: 1) VEGA (Violence, Evidence, Guidance, Action) family violence education resources (Hamilton, ON: McMaster University, 2019), online: McMaster University <https://vegaproject.mcmaster.ca/> (adapted with permission from VEGA); 2) Pamela C. Cross et al., What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners (2018), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/can-peut/can-peut.pdf>; and 3) Public Health Agency of Canada, “Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice” (2 February 2018), online: Government of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/health-risks-safety/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html>.
Return to endnote 1 referrer
- Endnote 2
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For more information on intersectionality, see: Department of Women and Gender Equality Canada, “Introduction to GBA+” (2020), online: Government of Canada <https://women-gender-equality.canada.ca/gbaplus-course-cours-acsplus/eng/mod00/mod00_01_01.html>.
Return to endnote 2 referrer
- Endnote 3
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Adam Cotter, Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: An overview, Juristat 85-002–x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00003-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 3 referrer
- Endnote 4
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Doris Rajan, Family Violence & People with Disabilities: A Gender-Based Intersectional Analysis (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2020, unpublished).
Return to endnote 4 referrer
- Endnote 5
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Questions have been adapted from: Pamela C. Cross et al., What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners (2018), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/can-peut/index.html>.
Return to endnote 5 referrer
- Endnote 6
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The indicators of risk in the table were taken directly from: Linda C. Neilson, Enhancing Safety: When Domestic Violence Cases are in Multiple Legal Systems (Criminal, family, child protection) A Family Law, Domestic Violence Perspective (2013, 2nd edition), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/enhan-renfo/neilson_web.pdf>. For more information on the indicators of risk, please consult the report.
Return to endnote 6 referrer
- Endnote 7
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For more information about risk factors for family violence, including lethality risk factors, see: 1) Linda C. Neilson, Enhancing Safety: When Domestic Violence Cases are in Multiple Legal Systems (Criminal, family, child protection) A Family Law, Domestic Violence Perspective (2013, 2nd edition), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/enhan-renfo/neilson_web.pdf>; 2) Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Danger Assessment (2019 Edition), online: John Hopkins School of Nursing <https://www.dangerassessment.org/about.aspx>; and 3) Barbra Schlifer Clinic, Intimate Partner Violence Risk Identification and Assessment Tool (2020), online: Barbra Schlifer Clinic <https://www.schliferclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/IPV-RIA-User-Guide-Final.pdf>.
Return to endnote 7 referrer
- Endnote 8
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Sascha Griffing et al., “Domestic Violence Survivors’ Self-Identified Reasons for Returning to Abusive Relationships”, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 17, 306-319 (2002), online: Sage Publications <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0886260502017003005>.
Return to endnote 8 referrer
- Endnote 9
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Questions adapted from: Pamela C. Cross, “How lawyers can stay safe in family violence cases” (17 March 2020), online: Luke’s Place <https://lukesplace.ca/how-lawyers-can-stay-safe-in-family-violence-cases/>.
Return to endnote 9 referrer
- Endnote 10
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Marie-Eve Leclerc, Jo-Anne Wemmers & Alain Brunet, “The unseen cost of justice: post-traumatic stress symptoms in Canadian lawyers”, Psychology, Crime & Law 26:1, 1–21 (2020), online: Taylor & Francis Online <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1068316X.2019.1611830?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=gpcl20>.
Return to endnote 10 referrer
- Endnote 11
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Note that there are other legal responses that you and your client may want to consider. For more information on legal responses, such as civil protection proceedings and grandparent contact orders, see Linda C. Neilson, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>.
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- Endnote 12
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For example, 1) Linda C. Neilson, Spousal abuse, children and the legal system final report for Canadian Bar Association, Law for the Futures Fund (2001), online: UNB Libraries <https://unbscholar.lib.unb.ca/islandora/object/unbscholar%3A9034>; and 2) Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>.
Return to endnote 12 referrer
- Endnote 13
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Linda C. Neilson, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>.
Return to endnote 13 referrer
- Endnote 14
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For more information on adverse parenting behaviours and considerations for supervised access and parenting arrangements, see Chapters 11 and 14 of Linda C. Neilson, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>.
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- Endnote 15
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For more information, see legislation on: Family Homes on Reserve and Matrimonial Interests or Rights Act, SC 2013, c 20.
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- Endnote 16
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This information has been adapted from: 1) Hilary Linton, “Best Practices for Screening for Family Violence and Power Imbalances in Family Mediation-Arbitration” (2016), online: Riverdale Mediation <https://www.riverdalemediation.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Linton-Best-Practices....pdf>; 2) Family Justice Reform Working Group, A New Justice System for Families and Children: Report of the Family Justice Reform Working Group to the Justice Review Task Force (2005), online: British Columbia Ministry of the Attorney General <https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/law-crime-and-justice/about-bc-justice-system/justice-reform-initiatives/fjr_report_09_06.pdf>; and 3) Department of Justice Canada, “Fact Sheet – Family dispute resolution: resolving family law issues out of court” (2020), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fl-df/fsfdr-firdf.html>.
Return to endnote 16 referrer
- Endnote 17
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For more information about concurrent proceedings see: Report of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial (FPT) Ad Hoc Working Group on Family Violence, Making the Links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Child Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (2013), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/mlfvc-elcvf/index.html>.
Return to endnote 17 referrer
- Endnote 18
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Linda C. Neilson, “17 Domestic Violence & Child Protection”, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>.
Return to endnote 18 referrer
- Endnote 19
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Nicholas Bala & Kate Kehoe, Concurrent Legal Proceedings in Cases of Family Violence: The Child Protection Perspective (2015), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/fv-vf/index.html>.
Return to endnote 19 referrer
- Endnote 20
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This information is based on: 1) Linda C. Neilson, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute, CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>; 2) Archana Medhekar et al., Domestic Violence in Ethno-cultural Communities: the Potential Impact on the Identification and Response to Domestic Violence by Family Law Lawyers (Gatineau: Department for Women and Gender Equality, 2020, unpublished); 3) Antoinette Clarke & Mina Vaish, Viewing the Impact of Family Violence through Interlocking, Intersectional and Ethnocultural Lens: Screening for Family Violence and Supporting Victims from Newcomer and Ethnocultural Minority Identity Groups (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2020, unpublished); 4) Doris Rajan, Family Violence & People with Disabilities: A Gender-Based Intersectional Analysis (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2020, unpublished); 5) Mohammed Baobaid, Identifying and Responding to Family Violence in Muslim Communities (Gatineau: Department for Women and Gender Equality, 2020, unpublished); and 6) Pat Durish, Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ+ Relationships (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2020, unpublished).
Return to endnote 20 referrer
- Endnote 21
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Information in this section is based in part on: Public Health Agency of Canada, “Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice” (2 February 2018), online: Government of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/health-risks-safety/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html>.
Return to endnote 21 referrer
- Endnote 22
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Based in part on: 1) Linda C. Neilson, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute, CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>; and 2) Linda C. Neilson, Enhancing Safety: When Domestic Violence Cases are in Multiple Legal Systems (Criminal, family, child protection) A Family Law, Domestic Violence Perspective (2013, 2nd edition), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/enhan-renfo/neilson_web.pdf>.
Return to endnote 22 referrer
- Endnote 23
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For more information on traumatic brain injury, see: 1) Gwen Hunnicutt et al., “Exploring correlates of probable traumatic brain injury among intimate partner violence survivors”, J of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 28:6, 1-18 (2019), online: Taylor & Francis Online <https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10926771.2019.1587656>; and 2) Yelena Goldin, Halina L. Haag & Charlotte T. Trott, “Screening for history of traumatic brain injury among Women Exposed to intimate partner violence”, PM R 8:11, 1104-1110 (2016), online: National Library of Medicine <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27208397/>.
Return to endnote 23 referrer
- Endnote 24
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Jacquelyn C. Campbell et al., “The effects of intimate partner violence and probable traumatic brain injury on central nervous system symptoms”, J Women’s Health 27:6, 761-767 (2018), online: National Library of Medicine <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083256/>.
Return to endnote 24 referrer
- Endnote 25
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Diane Lalonde, Linda Baker & Robert Nonomura, “Traumatic Brain Injury and Violence Against Women”, Learning Network Issue 28 (2019), online: Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children <http://www.vawlearningnetwork.ca/our-work/reports/report_2019_1.html>.
Return to endnote 25 referrer
- Endnote 26
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Pamela C. Cross et al., What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners (2018), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/can-peut/index.html>.
Return to endnote 26 referrer
- Endnote 27
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Linda C. Neilson, Enhancing Safety: When Domestic Violence Cases are in Multiple Legal Systems (Criminal, family, child protection) A Family Law, Domestic Violence Perspective (2013, 2nd Edition) online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/enhan-renfo/index.html>.
Return to endnote 27 referrer
- Endnote 28
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Information in this section is based in part on: Public Health Agency of Canada, “Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice” (2 February 2018), online: Government of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/health-risks-safety/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html>.
Return to endnote 28 referrer
- Endnote 29
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Descriptions adapted from: 1) Linda C. Neilson, Enhancing Safety: When Domestic Violence Cases are in Multiple Legal Systems (Criminal, family, child protection) A Family Law, Domestic Violence Perspective (2013, 2nd edition), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/enhan-renfo/neilson_web.pdf>; 2) Holly Johnson & Myrna Dawson, Violence against women in Canada: research and policy perspectives, Themes in Canadian sociology (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press Canada, 2011); 3) Joan Kelly & Michael Johnson, “Differentiation Among Types of Intimate Partner Violence: Research Update and Implications for Interventions”, Family Court Review 46:3, 476–499 (2008), online: ResearchGate <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227644045_Differentiation_Among_Types_of_Intimate_Partner_Violence_Research_Update_and_Implications_for_Interventions>; 4) Federal-Provincial-Territorial (FPT) Ad Hoc Working Group on Family Violence, Making the Links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Child Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (2013), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/mlfvc-elcvf/index.html>; 5) Michael P. Johnson, A Typology of Domestic Violence: Intimate Terrorism, Violent Resistance, and Situational Couple Violence (Lebanon, NH: UPNE, 2008); and 6) Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>.
Return to endnote 29 referrer
- Endnote 30
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1) Joan Kelly & Michael Johnson, “Differentiation Among Types of Intimate Partner Violence: Research Update and Implications for Interventions”, Family Court Review 46, 476–499 (2008), online: Wiley Online Library <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2008.00215.x>; and 2) Robert Nonomura et al., “Coercive Control and Family Law”, Family Violence & Family Law Brief 3 (2021), online: Centre for Research & Education on Violence Against Women & Children <https://www.fvfl-vfdf.ca/briefs/issue3.html>.
Return to endnote 30 referrer
- Endnote 31
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Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>.
Return to endnote 31 referrer
- Endnote 32
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Some of the text has been adapted with permission from: Linda C. Neilson, Enhancing Safety: When Domestic Violence Cases are in Multiple Legal Systems (Criminal, family, child protection) A Family Law, Domestic Violence Perspective (2013, 2nd edition), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/enhan-renfo/neilson_web.pdf>. You may wish to consult this resource for more information on victim resistance violence.
Return to endnote 32 referrer
- Endnote 33
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Information in this section is based in part on VEGA (Violence, Evidence, Guidance, Action) family violence education resources (Hamilton, ON: McMaster University, 2019), online: McMaster University <https://vegaproject.mcmaster.ca/> (adapted with permission from VEGA).
Return to endnote 33 referrer
- Endnote 34
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Report of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial (FPT) Ad Hoc Working Group on Family Violence, Making the links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Children Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (2013), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/mlfvc-elcvf/index.html>.
Return to endnote 34 referrer
- Endnote 35
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Nico Trocmé et al., Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect 2008 (CIS-2008): Major Findings (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2010), online: Canadian Child Welfare Research Portal <https://cwrp.ca/publications/canadian-incidence-study-reported-child-abuse-and-neglect-2008-cis-2008-major-findings>.
Return to endnote 35 referrer
- Endnote 36
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Melissa Lindsay, Violence Perpetrated by Ex-Spouses in Canada (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rr14_03/index.html>.
Return to endnote 36 referrer
- Endnote 37
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Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>.
Return to endnote 37 referrer
- Endnote 38
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Marta Burczycka & Shana Conroy, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2015, Juristat 85-002–x (2017), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/14698-eng.pdf>.
Return to endnote 38 referrer
- Endnote 39
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Marta Burczycka & Shana Conroy, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2015, Juristat 85-002–x (2017), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/14698-eng.pdf>.
Return to endnote 39 referrer
- Endnote 40
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Shana Conroy, Section 1: Police-reported family violence against children and youth in Canada, 2018, Juristat 85-002-x (2019), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2019001/article/00018/01-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 40 referrer
- Endnote 41
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Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>.
Return to endnote 41 referrer
- Endnote 42
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These factors have been taken directly from: Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>.
Return to endnote 42 referrer
- Endnote 43
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1) Peter Jaffe et al., Risk Factors for Children in Situations of Family Violence in the Context of Separation and Divorce (2014), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/rfcsfv-freevf/rfcsfv-freevf.pdf>; and 2) Alison Cunningham & Linda Baker, Little eyes, little ears. How violence against a mother shapes children as they grow (2007), online: Public Health Agency of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/stop-family-violence/prevention-resource-centre/women/little-eyes-little-ears-violence-against-a-mother-shapes-children-they-grow.html>.
Return to endnote 43 referrer
- Endnote 44
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Alison Cunningham & Linda Baker, Little eyes, little ears. How violence against a mother shapes children as they grow (2007), online: Public Health Agency of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/stop-family-violence/prevention-resource-centre/women/little-eyes-little-ears-violence-against-a-mother-shapes-children-they-grow.html>.
Return to endnote 44 referrer
- Endnote 45
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Report of the Federal-Provincial-Territorial (FPT) Ad Hoc Working Group on Family Violence, Making the links in Family Violence Cases: Collaboration among the Family, Children Protection and Criminal Justice Systems (2013), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/mlfvc-elcvf/index.html>.
Return to endnote 45 referrer
- Endnote 46
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Information in this Section is based, in part, on the following: 1) VEGA (Violence, Evidence, Guidance, Action) family violence education (Hamilton, ON: McMaster University, 2019), online: McMaster University <https://vegaproject.mcmaster.ca/> (adapted with permission from VEGA); 2) Pamela C. Cross et al., What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners (2018), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/can-peut/can-peut.pdf>; and 3) Public Health Agency of Canada, “Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice” (2 February 2018), online: Government of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/health-risks-safety/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html>.
Return to endnote 46 referrer
- Endnote 47
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Pamela C. Cross et al., What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners (2018), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/can-peut/index.html>.
Return to endnote 47 referrer
- Endnote 48
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Information in this section has been adapted from: 1) Claire Roberts, “Building rapport during online dispute resolution: different, difficult, doable” (28 July 2020), online: LexisNexis <https://www.lexisnexis.com.au/en/COVID19/blogs-and-articles/building-rapport-online-during-adr>; 2) Vicky Law, “Best Practices in Providing Virtual Services” (Vancouver: Rise Women’s Legal Centre, 2020), online: Law Foundation of British Columbia <https://www.lawfoundationbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020-04-14-LFBC-training-Zoom-security-1.pdf>; 3) SafeLives, “Five Rs of Asking about Domestic Abuse” (2020), online: SafeLives <https://safelives.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Domestic%20abuse%20guidance%20for%20virtual%20health%20settings-%20C19.pdf>; and 4) Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic, “Technology Safety For Virtual Conferences and Services: A Toolkit for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence” (2020), online: Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic <https://www.schliferclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Technology-Safety-A-Toolkit-for-Survivors.pdf>.
Return to endnote 48 referrer
- Endnote 49
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This information is based on: 1) Vicky Law, “Best Practices in Providing Virtual Services” (Vancouver: Rise Women’s Legal Centre, 2020), online: Law Foundation of British Columbia <https://www.lawfoundationbc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2020-04-14-LFBC-training-Zoom-security-1.pdf>; and 2) Claire Roberts, “Building rapport during online dispute resolution: different, difficult, doable” (28 July 2020), online: LexisNexis <https://www.lexisnexis.com.au/en/COVID19/blogs-and-articles/building-rapport-online-during-adr>.
Return to endnote 49 referrer
- Endnote 50
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Pamela C. Cross et al., What You Don’t Know Can Hurt You: The importance of family violence screening tools for family law practitioners (2018), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/jr/can-peut/can-peut.pdf>.
Return to endnote 50 referrer
- Endnote 51
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Unless otherwise specified, materials in this document were adapted from: 1) Annette J. Browne, “Moving beyond description: Closing the health equity gap by redressing racism impacting Indigenous populations”, Soc Sci Med 184, 23-26 (2017), online: National Library of Medicine <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28494318/>; 2) Robin DiAngelo, White fragility: Why it’s so hard for white people to talk about racism (Boston: Beacon Press, 2018); 3) EQUIP Health Care, “Equipping for Equity Online Modules: Module 4” (n.d.), online: University of British Columbia <https://equiphealthcare.ca/equipping-for-equity-online-modules/module-4/>; 4) Frances Henry, Tim Rees & Carol Tator, The colour of democracy: Racism in Canadian society (Toronto: Nelson Education, 2010, 4th Edition); and 5) David R. Williams, Jourdyn A. Lawrence & Brigette A. Davis, “Racism and health: Evidence and needed research”, Annu Rev Public Health 40:1 (2019), 105-125, online: National Library of Medicine <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601726/>.
Return to endnote 51 referrer
- Endnote 52
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Melanie Tervalon & Jann Murray-Garcia, “Cultural Humility Versus Cultural Competence: A Critical Distinction in Defining Physician Training Outcomes in Multicultural Education”, Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 9:2, 117-125 (1998), online: John Hopkins University <https://muse.jhu.edu/article/268076>.
Return to endnote 52 referrer
- Endnote 53
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1) National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, Reclaiming power and place: Executive summary of the final report (2019), online: National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls <https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Executive_Summary.pdf>; and 2) Canadian Heritage, Building a Foundation for Change: Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy 2019-2022 (2019), online: Government of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/campaigns/anti-racism-engagement/anti-racism-strategy.html>.
Return to endnote 53 referrer
- Endnote 54
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Callum Hughson, “Unconscious bias: what it is and how to avoid it in the workplace” (23 September 2019), online: Ivey Business School <https://www.ivey.uwo.ca/academy/blog/2019/09/unconscious-bias-what-it-is-and-how-to-avoid-it-in-the-workplace/>.
Return to endnote 54 referrer
- Endnote 55
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Information in this section is based on: EQUIP Health Care, “Equity Walk Through” (n.d.), online: University of British Columbia <https://equiphealthcare.ca/resources/toolkit/equity-walk-through/>.
Return to endnote 55 referrer
- Endnote 56
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Adam Cotter, Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: An overview, Juristat 85-002–x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00003-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 56 referrer
- Endnote 57
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Shana Conroy, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2019, Juristat no. 85-002-x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00001-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 57 referrer
- Endnote 58
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Adam Cotter, Intimate partner violence in Canada, 2018: An overview, Juristat 85-002–x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00003-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 58 referrer
- Endnote 59
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Loanna Heidinger, Intimate partner violence: Experiences of First Nations, Métis and Inuit Women in Canada, 2018, Juristat 85-002–x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00007-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 59 referrer
- Endnote 60
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Laura Savage, Intimate partner violence: Experiences of women with disabilities in Canada, 2018, Juristat 85-002–x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00006-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 60 referrer
- Endnote 61
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See: 1) Brianna Jaffray, Intimate partner violence: Experiences of sexual minority men in Canada, 2018, Juristat 85-002–x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00004-eng.htm>; and 2) Brianna Jaffray, Intimate partner violence: Experiences of sexual minority women in Canada, 2018, Juristat 85-002-x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00005-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 61 referrer
- Endnote 62
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For example, see: Pamela C. Cross & Paula Wansbrough, Going the Distance: Supporting Rural and Remote Survivors with Family Law Issues (2016), online: Luke’s Place <https://lukesplace.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Going-the-Distance-August-2016.pdf>.
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- Endnote 63
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Women’s Shelters Canada, “Special issue: The impact of COVID-19 on VAW shelters and transition houses”, Shelter Voices (2020), online: Women’s Shelters Canada <http://endvaw.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Shelter-Voices-2020-2.pdf>.
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- Endnote 64
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Unless otherwise noted, all statistics in this section come from: Shana Conroy, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2019, Juristat no. 85-002-x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00001-eng.htm>.
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- Endnote 65
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Note that this percentage was calculated based on data found in Table 3.14 in Marta Burczycka, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2016, Juristat 85-002–x (2018), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2018001/article/54893/tbl/tbl3.14-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 65 referrer
- Endnote 66
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Shana Conroy, Marta Burczycka & Laura Savage, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2018, Juristat 85-002–x (2019), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/85-002-x/2019001/article/00018-eng.pdf?st=zrdEOXdo>.
Return to endnote 66 referrer
- Endnote 67
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Linda C. Neilson, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute, CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>.
Return to endnote 67 referrer
- Endnote 68
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Shana Conroy, Spousal violence in Canada, 2019, Juristat 85-002-x (2021), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00016-eng.htm>.
Return to endnote 68 referrer
- Endnote 69
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Marta Burczycka, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2014, Juristat 85-002–x (2016), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/85-002-x/2016001/article/14303-eng.pdf?st=oU0Tay-j>.
Return to endnote 69 referrer
- Endnote 70
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Maire Sinha, Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, 2011, Juristat 85-002–x (2013), online: Statistics Canada <https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2013001/article/11805-eng.pdf>.
Return to endnote 70 referrer
- Endnote 71
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Office of the Chief Coroner, 2018 Domestic Violence Death Review Committee Annual Report (2019), online: Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General <https://www.mcscs.jus.gov.on.ca/english/Deathinvestigations/OfficeChiefCoroner/Publicationsandreports/DVDRC2018Report.html>.
Return to endnote 71 referrer
- Endnote 72
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1) Linda C. Neilson, “17 Domestic Violence & Child Protection”, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>; and 2) Nicholas Bala & Kate Kehoe, Concurrent Legal Proceedings in Cases of Family Violence: The Child Protection Perspective (2015), online: Department of Justice Canada <https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/famil/fv-vf/index.html>.
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- Endnote 73
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Information in this section is based in part on VEGA (Violence, Evidence, Guidance, Action) family violence education resources (Hamilton, ON: McMaster University, 2019), online: McMaster University <https://vegaproject.mcmaster.ca/> (adapted with permission from VEGA).
Return to endnote 73 referrer
- Endnote 74
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Linda C. Neilson, “6.5.3.3 When child protection authorities were alerted but did not act”, Responding to Domestic Violence in Family Law, Civil Protection & Child Protection Cases (Ottawa: Canadian Legal Information Institute CanLII, 2020, 2nd edition), online: CanLII <https://canlii.ca/t/ng>.
Return to endnote 74 referrer
- Endnote 75
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Alison Cunningham & Linda Baker, Little eyes, little ears. How violence against a mother shapes children as they grow, the Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System (2007), online: Public Health Agency of Canada <https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/stop-family-violence/prevention-resource-centre/women/little-eyes-little-ears-violence-against-a-mother-shapes-children-they-grow.html>.
Return to endnote 75 referrer
