An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Violent Victimization in Canada, 2009

Robbery

Introduction

Robbery, encompassing one offence (s. 343) in the Criminal Code, is included in this section.

Robbery is defined in the Criminal Code (s. 343) as:

343. Every one commits robbery who

Robbery should not be confused with theft or any of its related offences. Robbery is classified as a violent violation in the police-reported UCR2, while theft and other related crimes are classified as non-violent violations. In the court-reported ACCS and YCS robbery is classified as a crime against the person, while theft and other related offences are classified as crimes against property. S. 343 of the Criminal Code (stated above) shows clearly that violence or the threat of violence against a person is a necessary element in robbery. No theft or break and enter violations are included in this report.

Robbery is less common than the other violent crimes (except homicide). According to the GSS, there were 62,575 incidents against females, 80,846 incidents against males, and 143,421 total incidents in 2009.

For details on the offences included in this section and for the matching of offences across data sources, see Crime Categories and Robbery.

See An Estimation of the Economic Impact of Violent Victimization in Canada, 2009: Technical Appendices (Hoddenbagh et al. 2013) for detailed technical tables with explanations of the data sources and methodology used in each cost item calculation.

Results

Table R.1 presents a comprehensive summary of the costs of victimization of adults who were robbed by persons other than a spouse in 2009.

Table R.1 reveals some interesting results that merit further discussion. While police-reported data used in the justice system cost estimates generally show that there are more male victims of robbery, the self-reported data in victim and third-party costs imply that female victims are more impacted by incidents of robbery. As previously mentioned in Assault, one potential explanation is the nature of the GSS. GSS results with low counts (before weighting) are relatively unreliable compared to GSS results with high counts, and for some of these measures the GSS counts are quite low. The unreliability of these GSS returns may be a factor in some of the seemingly contradictory results. Another potential cause of these differing results is that females may experience more violent or traumatic robberies on average, and therefore the personal and third-party impacts are greater for victimization of females despite there being less female robbery victims overall.

Table R.1A: Robbery – summary of costs - Criminal justice system costs

Criminal justice system costs
Cost category or item Female victims Male victims Total
Police costs $190,585,576 $378,290,569 $568,876,145
Court costs $2,196,647 $3,390,035 $5,586,682
Prosecution costs $1,489,143 $2,298,160 $3,787,303
Legal aid costs $1,055,728 $1,629,281 $2,685,009
Corrections costs $53,951,045 $77,976,061 $131,927,106
Federal custody costs $45,949,445 $65,746,258 $111,695,703
Provincial custody costs $7,566,578 $11,525,401 $19,091,979
Conditional sentence costs $158,608 $224,556 $383,164
Probation costs $276,414 $479,846 $756,260
FinesTable note * $747 $1,072 $1,818
Total Justice system costs $249,278,137 $463,584,107 $712,862,245
Table R.1B: Robbery – summary of costs - Total Victim costs
Cost category or item Female victims Male victims Total
Medical costs
Doctor or nurse service costs $85,714 $0 $85,714
Emergency department costs $2,981,349 $773,451 $3,754,800
Overnight hospitalization costs $4,199,559 $1,190,607 $5,390,166
Sub-Total Initial health care costs $7,266,622 $1,964,058 $9,230,680
Counselling costs $16,520,623 $4,580,353 $21,100,977
Medication costs $4,295 $1,114 $5,409
Physical therapy costs $214,740 $55,710 $270,450
Sub-Total Long-term health care costs $16,739,658 $4,637,178 $21,376,836
Total Medical costs $24,006,280 $6,601,236 $30,607,516
Lost productivity
Lost current income $45,249,026 $38,481,430 $83,730,456
Lost household services $1,673,507 $307,089 $1,980,596
Lost education $1,487,655 $0 $1,487,655
Lost future income $27,779,871 $46,649,034 $74,428,905
Long-term physical disability costs $10,446,008 $3,417,280 $13,863,288
Mental health disability costs $17,333,863 $43,231,754 $60,565,617
Total Lost productivity $76,190,058 $85,437,553 $161,627,612
Intangible costs
Pain and suffering costs $250,778,892 $300,575,966 $551,354,858
Total Intangible costs $250,778,892 $300,575,966 $551,354,858
Other costs
Stolen, damaged, or destroyed property costs $28,564,148 $94,726,231 $123,290,379
Burglar alarm installation costs $2,798,376 $812,711 $3,611,087
Total Other costs $31,362,523 $95,538,942 $126,901,466
Total Victim costs $382,337,754 $488,153,697 $870,491,451
Table R.1C: Robbery – summary of costs - Third-party costs
Cost category or item Female victims Male victims Total
Employer losses
Administration costs $2,326,695 $1,683,492 $4,010,186
Lost additional output $2,352,949 $2,001,034 $4,353,984
Total Employer losses $4,679,644 $3,684,526 $8,364,170
Social services operating costs
Victim services costs $2,855,209 $475,868 $3,331,077
Crisis centre and crisis line costs $285,840 $33,360 $319,200
Total Social services operating costs $3,141,049 $509,228 $3,650,277
Total Third-party costs $7,820,693 $4,193,754 $12,014,447
Table R.1D: Robbery – summary of costs
Cost category or item Female victims Male victims Total
Justice system costs $249,278,137 $463,584,107 $712,862,245
Victim costs $382,337,754 $488,153,697 $870,491,451
Third-party costs $7,820,693 $4,193,754 $12,014,447
Total costs $639,436,585 $955,931,559 $1,595,368,143

R.J. Justice System Costs

R.J.1 Criminal Justice System Costs

It is necessary to calculate the police, court, prosecution, and legal aid resources spent per incident for each crime type as doing so allows for distinction of non-spousal, adult victim incidents, whereas only calculating the total resources spent on each crime would not exclude incidents involving spousal relationships and youth victims.

The numbers of court cases, used in calculations of court, prosecution, and legal aid costs, are adjusted upwards by 5% to account for the 95% national coverage of the data sources.

R.J.1.1 Police Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.1 Police Costs.

Table R.2 shows all of the pertinent police cost information, by gender.

Table R.2: Robbery – severity weights and police costs
Offence Severity weightTable note A Police cost per incidentTable note B Number of incidents againstTable note C Police costs for incidents against
Females Males Females Males
Robbery 583 $28,349 6,723 13,344 $190,585,576 $378,290,569

The police costs for non-spousal, adult victim incidents of robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $568,876,145.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – police
Female victims $190,585,576
Male victims $378,290,569
Total $568,876,145
R.J.1.2 Court Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.2 Court Costs.

The court costs for cases that took place due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $5,586,682.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – court
Female victims $2,196,647
Male victims $3,390,035
Total $5,586,682
R.J.1.3 Prosecution Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.3 Prosecution Costs.

The prosecution costs for cases that took place due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $3,787,303.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – prosecution
Female victims $1,489,143
Male victims $2,298,160
Total $3,787,303
R.J.1.4 Legal Aid Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.4 Legal Aid Costs.

The legal aid costs for cases that took place due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $2,685,009.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – legal aid
Female victims $1,055,728
Male victims $1,629,281
Total $2,685,009
R.J.1.5 Corrections Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used for Table R.3 and Table R.4, see A.J.1.5 Corrections Costs.

Table R.3 shows the proportion that each sentence is given for robbery crimes (calculated from the ACCS and the YCS), for all crimes and victims (i.e., no conditions).

Table R.4 shows the number of offenders estimated to have been given each sentence for committing robbery crimes in 2009, for non-spousal, adult victim incidents. These figures are used as the base counts in the estimations of the costs of each sentence type.

Table R.3: Robbery sentence proportions (all crimes and victims), by gender of offender
Offence Custody Conditional sentence Probation Fine Other
M F M F M F M F M F
Adult offenders - Robbery 79.8% 67.0% 4.8% 9.1% 10.3% 16.2% 0.2% 0.7% 4.9% 7.1%
Youth offenders - Robbery 39.5% 27.1% 0.1% 0.0% 36.8% 45.5% 0.1% 0.0% 23.6% 27.3%

Source 1: Statistics Canada, CCJS, ACCS – Guilty cases by most serious sentence, CANSIM 252-0057.

Source 2: Statistics Canada. CCJS, YCS – Guilty cases by most serious sentence, CANSIM 252-0068.

Table R.4: Robbery sentence numbers (non-spousal crimes and adult victims) - Adult Offenders

Adult offenders
Offence Custody Conditional sentence Probation Fine Other
Female victims 484 31 66 2 31
Male Victims 692 44 93 2 44
Total Victims 1,176 75 159 4 74

Table R.4: Robbery sentence numbers (non-spousal crimes and adult victims) - Youth Offenders

Youth offenders
Offence Custody Conditional sentence Probation Fine Other
Female victims 22 0 22 0 14
Male Victims 62 0 59 0 38
Total Victims 84 0 81 0 52
R.J.1.5.1 Federal custody costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.5.1 Federal custody costs.

The estimated average length of federal custody sentences for robbery was 1,282 days in 2009. The numbers of offenders sentenced to federal custody for robbery are as follows: 168 males for violence against females, 6 females for violence against females, 243 males for violence against males, and 7 females for violence against males.

The federal custody costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $111,695,703.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – corrections – federal custody
Female victims $45,949,445
Male victims $65,746,258
Total $111,695,703
R.J.1.5.2 Provincial custody costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.5.2 Provincial custody costs.

For robbery, the average length of provincial custody sentences was 214 days for male offenders and 181 days for female offenders. The numbers of offenders sentenced to provincial custody for robbery are as follows: 308 males for violence against females, 23 females for violence against females, 477 males for violence against males, and 26 females for violence against males.

The provincial custody costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $19,091,979.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – corrections – provincial custody
Female victims $7,566,578
Male victims $11,525,401
Total $19,091,979
R.J.1.5.3 Conditional sentence costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.5.3 Conditional sentence costs. The average conditional sentence length for “offences against the person”, which includes robbery, is 210 days.

Given the number of offenders sentenced to a conditional sentence from Table R.4 (31 for violence against female victims and 44 for violence against males), the conditional sentence costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $383,164.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – corrections – conditional sentence
Female victims $158,608
Male victims $224,556
Total $383,164
R.J.1.5.4 Probation costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.5.4 Probation costs. The average probation sentence length for males was 458 days and for females was 415 days.

The number of offenders sentenced to probation is given in Table R.4 (77 males for violence against females, 11 females for violence against females, 141 males for violence against males, 11 females for violence against males). The probation costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $756,260.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – corrections – probation
Female victims $276,414
Male victims $479,846
Total $756,260
R.J.1.5.5 Fines

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.J.1.5.5 Fines. Costs to the offender are not included in this report (see Sources of Economic Impacts for reasons), and fines are calculated here for illustrative purposes only. These results are not included in any summations of total costs.

The average fine amount for robbery is $484. This average fine amount is then multiplied by the number of offenders receiving fines from Table R.4 (2 for violence against females, 2 for violence against males). The fine costs to offenders due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $1,818.

Robbery – justice system – criminal justice system – corrections – fines
Female victims $747
Male victims $1,072
Total $1,818

R.V. Victim Costs

R.V.1 Medical Costs

R.V.1.1 Initial Health Care Costs
R.V.1.1.1 Doctor or nurse service costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.V.1.1.1 Doctor or nurse service costs.

The GSS finds that female victims sought medical attention from a doctor or nurse 1,567 times due to robbery incidents in 2009, and no medical attention was required by male victims Footnote 38.

The doctor or nurse service costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $85,714.

Robbery – victim – medical – initial health care – doctor or nurse service
Female victims $85,714
Male victims $0
Total $85,714
R.V.1.1.2 Emergency department costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.V.1.1.2 Emergency department costs.

The GSS finds that there were 7,158 visits of female robbery victims and 1,857 visits of male robbery victims at a hospital or health centre, which is deemed equivalent to visiting the emergency department. As with assault, it is assumed that 25% of emergency department visits due to robbery involve ambulatory transportation. Again, this is based on the CIHI information for general ER visits.

The emergency department costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $3,754,800.

Robbery – victim – medical – initial health care – emergency department
Female victims $2,981,349
Male victims $773,451
Total $3,754,800
R.V.1.1.3 Overnight hospitalization costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.V.1.1.3 Overnight hospitalization costs.

The GSS finds that female victims spent 4,208 nights and male victims spent 1,193 nights in hospital due to robbery in 2009. Note that this is an underestimate of the true hospitalization length as it is assumed that each victim stayed overnight in a hospital for only one night due to lack of data.

The overnight hospitalization costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $5,390,166.

Robbery – victim – medical – initial health care – overnight hospitalization
Female victims $4,199,559
Male victims $1,190,607
Total $5,390,166
R.V.1.2 Long-term Health Care Costs
R.V.1.2.1 Counselling costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.V.1.2.1 Counselling costs.

The GSS finds that female victims used counselling services 12,963 times and male victims used counselling services 3,594 times in response to robbery occurred in 2009. New and Berliner (2000) find that the average number of counselling sessions for assault victims is 15. Due to lack of data, it is assumed a same number of counseling sessions for robbery victims.

The counselling costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $21,100,977.

Robbery – victim – medical – long-term health care – counselling
Female victims $16,520,623
Male victims $4,580,353
Total $21,100,977
R.V.1.2.2 Medication costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.V.1.2.2 Medication costs.

It is estimated that 2,204 female victim visits and 572 male victim visits at ER involved a fracture due to a robbery incident in 2009. The medication costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $5,409.

Robbery – victim – medical – long-term health care – medication
Female victims $4,295
Male victims $1,114
Total $5,409
R.V.1.2.3 Physical therapy costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.V.1.2.3 Physical therapy costs. Following this, it is estimated that approximately 1,102 female and 286 male robbery victims require physical therapy.

The physical therapy costs due to incidents of non-spousal, adult victim robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $270,450.

Robbery – victim – medical – long-term health care – physical therapy
Female victims $214,740
Male victims $55,710
Total $270,450

R.V.2 Lost Productivity

R.V.2.1 Lost Current Income

Using a similar method as in the Assault section, the GSS finds that employed female victims of robbery were unable to attend work for 315,890 work days, and employed male victims were unable to attend work for 228,564 work days. Subtracting the number of days that were covered by paid sick leave benefits, the figures become 299,846 lost days for females and 216,099 lost days for males Footnote 39. According to GSS, the average daily wage of female robbery victims was $151, and the average daily wage of male robbery victims in the GSS was $178.

In this way, the lost current income to adult victims of non-spousal assault that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $83,730,456.

Robbery – victim – lost productivity – lost current income
Female victims $45,249,026
Male victims $38,481,430
Total $83,730,456
R.V.2.2 Lost Household Services

For those victims whose main activity was doing household services, 7.5 hours are assigned for each lost days, which include days in the emergency department, hospitalization days, days in bed outside of the hospital, and other time where victims found it difficult or impossible to carry out his/her main activity. For all other victims whose main activity was not conducting household services, it is estimated that females spend 3.68 hours per day and males spend 2.44 hours per day. See the method for Assault in section R.V.2.1.

The GSS finds that female victims lost 125,922 hours of household work and males lost 23,107 hours of household work due to robbery incidents in 2009. At an hourly rate of $13.29, the value of the lost household services of adult victims of non-spousal assault that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $1,980,596

Robbery – victim – medical – lost productivity – lost household services
Female victims $1,673,507
Male victims $307,089
Total $1,980,596
R.V.2.3 Lost Education

The GSS finds that female student victims were unable to go to school for 37,628 school days, and no school days were lost for male student victims. Similar to the previous sections, these days include days in the emergency department, hospitalization days, days in bed outside of the hospital, and other time where victims found it difficult or impossible to carry out his/her main activity, and have been adjusted to take into account potential school days. It has been calculated earlier that the average daily cost of education is approximately $40. The lost education to adult victims of non-spousal robbery incidents that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $1,487,655.

Robbery – victim – medical – lost productivity – lost education
Female victims $1,487,655
Male victims $0
Total $1,487,655

Note that the relatively small count of GSS respondents used for calculations in this section may explain the result that there were no victims with lost child care services due to a robbery. As mentioned in the Limitations section, queries in the GSS that return less than a certain number of counts (before weighting) are not necessarily reliable, and the smaller the count the less reliable the result is, and this is a possible explanation for why there were no relevant victims in this section.

R.V.2.4 Lost Future Income
R.V.2.4.1 Long-term physical disability costs

The numbers of employed victims estimated to have sustained an injury, where sustaining an injury is based on the criterion of requiring medical attention at a hospital, are 5,055 female victims and 529 male victims. It is assumed that out of the total medically treated injuries, 0.3% of the injuries will have caused permanent or long-term disability, according to Corso et al. (2006). The average income of female robbery victims was $25,000, while the average income of male assault victims was $70,000. The GSS also provides the average age of victims, and assuming that careers last until age 65, that incomes never change, and that inflation is equal to the discount rate, the expected remaining lifetime income is calculated. The lost future income (due to physical disabilities) of adult victims of non-spousal robbery incidents that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $13,863,288.

Robbery – victim – lost productivity – lost future income – long-term physical disability costs
Female victims $10,446,008
Male victims $3,417,280
Total $13,863,288
R.V.2.4.2 Mental health disability costs

Studying the mental health outcomes of victimization is difficult and can involve subjectivity. To estimate the future costs of mental health degradation, the number of victims developing a mental health problem must first be estimated. To do this, the numbers of victims who are assumed to be participants in the labour force, who had reported getting “depression/anxiety attacks” because of the incident, and who had never before sustained an assault, robbery, or sexual assault were obtained from the GSS; the results are 5,055 female victims and 2,760 male victims, and these are defined as the victims potentially affected by a mental health issue. To calculate the number of victims actually assumed to have developed a mental health issue, the percentage of robbery victims who have mental health needs for a “severely disabling mental illness” is taken from Miller et al. (1993) (1.5%). Applying this latter number to the numbers of victims who potentially have a mental illness, the estimated numbers of victims who developed or will develop a serious mental illness are 76 female victims and 41 male victims.

The annual income lost due to mental health issues developed by robbery victims is calculated by applying the proportion of annual income lost due to mental health issues in general (from Kessler et al. 2008) to the annual income of GSS respondents, and the results are $8,298 for female victims and $33,950 for male victims. Taking the average age of the appropriate respondents and assuming that careers last until age 65, that incomes never change, and that inflation is equal to the discount rate, the lost future income (due to mental disabilities) of adult victims of non-spousal robbery that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $60,565,617.

Robbery – victim – lost productivity – lost future income – mental health disability costs
Female victims $17,333,863
Male victims $43,231,754
Total $60,565,617

R.V.3 Intangible Costs

R.V.3.1 Pain and Suffering Costs

For a brief discussion on the issues raised when valuing intangibles and the methods used to do so, see Valuation of Intangibles.

All robbery victims in the GSS are assumed to experience pain and suffering.

The GSS finds that there were 47,730 female victims and 57,208 male victims of robbery in 2009. The value of pain and suffering for robbery is taken from McCollister et al. (2010); after adjustment for inflation, this value is $5,254.

Multiplying the numbers of victims by the value of pain and suffering, the total pain and suffering of adult victims of non-spousal robbery that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $551,354,858.

Robbery – victim – intangible – pain and suffering
Female victims $250,778,892
Male victims $300,575,966
Total $551,354,858

R.V.4 Other Costs

R.V.4.1 Stolen, Damaged, or Destroyed Property Costs

This cost item is highly relevant to robbery, as the main purpose of most robberies is to steal property.

The GSS finds that property was stolen from 42,529 female victims and 57,092 male victims during robberies, at an average cost of $667 to female victims and $1,659 to male victims. In addition, the property of 1,005 female victims and 775 male victims was damaged or destroyed during robberies, at average costs of $200 and $40 respectively. Multiplying the appropriate measures, the stolen, damaged, or destroyed property costs of adult victims of non-spousal robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $123,290,379.

Robbery – victim – other – stolen, damaged, or destroyed property
Female victims $28,564,148
Male victims $94,726,231
Total $123,290,379
R.V.4.2 Burglar Alarm Installation Costs

The GSS finds that many respondents reported that they had installed a burglar alarm or motion detector light in the “last 12 months”. Most of these respondents have experienced property crime such as break and enter, theft of personal or household property, while a few of them were victims of violence. The GSS does not ask respondents what prompted them to install the device, but it is assumed that robbery victims (victims of robbery only) who stated they had installed one did so in response to the robbery Footnote 40. In this case, 5,855 female victims and 1,700 male victims of robbery installed the device. The average cost of a burglar alarm or motion detector light is estimated at $478, taking into account the many different options available (purchasing an alarm with a low monthly fee, leasing an alarm with a high monthly fee, purchasing an alarm with no activation, purchasing a motion detector light). Multiplying the number of people installing a device by the average cost, the burglar alarm installation costs to adult victims of non-spousal robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $3,611,087.

Robbery – victim – other – burglar alarm installation
Female victims $2,798,376
Male victims $812,711
Total $3,611,087

R.T. Third-Party Costs

R.T.1 Employer Losses

R.T.1.1 Administration Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.T.1.1 Administration Costs.

The GSS finds that employed female victims were unable to do their main activities for 315,890 working days, and employed male victims were unable to do their main activities for 228,564 working days.

With average hourly wage rates of $37 for managers and $22 for administrators, and assuming 0.125 hours of time spent for managers and 0.125 hours for administrators (a conservative estimate based on estimation in Health and Safety Executive (1999)), the administration costs of employers due to adult non-spousal robbery incidents that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $4,010,186.

Robbery – third-party – employer losses – administration
Female victims $2,326,695
Male victims $1,683,492
Total $4,010,186
R.T.1.2 Lost Additional Output

To calculate the lost additional output to employers, lost wages of employees are multiplied by the expected marginal rate of return to the employer. The total lost wages (from R.V.2.1 Lost Current Income are $45,249,026 for female victims and $38,481,430 for male victims, and the expected marginal rate of return is 5.2% (Boardman et al. 2008). A marginal rate of return on investment of 5.2% means that if an employer invests (disinvests) an additional $100, as through employee wages, the employer expects to gain (lose) $5.20 in net returns.

Multiplying the lost wages by the expected rate of return, the lost additional output of employers due to adult non-spousal robbery incidents that occurred in 2009 is estimated to be $4,353,984.

Robbery – third-party – employer losses – lost additional output
Female victims $2,352,949
Male victims $2,001,034
Total $4,353,984

R.T.2 Social Services Operating Costs

One important cost that cannot be estimated here is the cost of support centres. The GSS finds that 5,889 female victims of robbery in 2009 used one of the various categories of support centres listed in the GSS: “community centre, CLSC or family centre”, “women’s centre”, or “men’s centre/men’s support group or seniors’ centre”. There is no available information on the operational costs of these services or on the average duration of use by clients.

R.T.2.1 Victim Services Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.T.2.1 Victim Services Costs.

The GSS finds that female victims used victim services 6,264 times and male victims used the services 1,044 times in 2009. The victim services costs due to adult victim, non-spousal robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $3,331,077.

Robbery – third-party – social services – victim services
Female victims $2,855,209
Male victims $475,868
Total $3,331,077
R.T.2.2 Crisis Line Costs

For information on data sources and a description of the methodology used in this section, see A.T.2.2 Crisis Line Costs.

The GSS finds that female victims called a crisis line 7,146 times and male victims called a crisis line 834 times because of the crime

The crisis line costs due to adult victim, non-spousal robbery that occurred in 2009 are estimated to be $319,200.

Robbery – third-party – social services – crisis lines
Female victims $285,840
Male victims $33,360
Total $319,200