The Economic Impact of Firearm-related Crime in Canada, 2008
Appendix B: Victim CostsFootnote 37
B.1 Health Care Costs
B.1.1 Medical Attention from a PhysicianFootnote 38
| Number of female victims having medical attention from a physician | 219Table note a |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims having medical attention from a physician | 3Table note a |
| Average cost of one physician visit 2004/05 | $50.36Table note b |
| Average cost of one physician visit 2008 (Inflation adjustment) | $55.64 |
| Costs of medical attention from a physician for female victims (219*$55.64) | $12,185 |
| Costs of medical attention from a physician for male victims (3*$55.64) | $167 |
| Total health care costs, physician (12,185+167) | $12,352 |
- Table note a
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q140, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q140; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, CIR_Q180, WGHT_VIC.
- Table note b
-
Source: Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), National Physician Database and National Grouping System Categories Report, Canada 2004/05, Table 7-5: Major Assessments for Office.
B.1.2 Medical Attention at Emergency Departments (ED)
| Number of female victims having medical attention at ED | 1,017Table note c |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims having medical attention at ED | 82Table note c |
| Average ED treatment cost per visit | $400.41Table note d |
| Cost of ED treatment for female victims (1,017*$400.41) | $407,217 |
| Cost of ED treatment for male victims (82*$400.41) | $32,834 |
| Percentage of female victims transported to ED by ground ambulance | 78%Table note e |
| Percentage of male victims transported to ED by ground ambulance | 70%Table note e |
| Number of female victims transported to ED by ambulance (1,017*0.78) | 793 |
| Number of male victims transported to ED by ambulance (82*0.7) | 57 |
| Average cost of ground ambulance service | $587.08Table note f |
| Cost of providing ambulance transports for female victims (793*$587.08) | $465,554 |
| Cost of providing ambulance transports for male victims (57*$587.08) | $33,464 |
| Cost of ED visits for female victims ($407,217+$465,554) | $872,771 |
| Cost of ED visits for male victims ($32,834+$33,464) | $66,298 |
| Total health care costs, emergency department ($872,771+$66,298) | $939,069 |
- Table note c
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q130, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q130; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, CIR_Q170, WGHT_VIC.
- Table note d
-
An American study (Bamezai, Melnick and Nawathe, 2005) suggested that for trauma ED visits, the average cost per visit was US$192 in 1998, with a low of US$171 and a high of US$215. Using the exchange rate of 1998 (US$1=CAD$1.484), US$215 is converted into CAD$319 in that year. After adjustment for inflation, CAD$319 in 1998 is equivalent to CAD$400 in 2008. Firearm-related crime can result in serious or critical bodily injuries, wounds, or shock, as compared to non-firearms violence. Hence, it is expected that the treatment cost for injuries caused during the violence should be relatively higher than the overall average cost of all ED visits. Therefore, we use the higher bound cost per trauma ED visit from USA (vs. non-trauma visits) in our estimation. According to the CIHI, the average cost of an ED visit in Canada for all ages (seniors included) was $260 in 2007/08.
- Table note e
-
The National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) data provided by the CIHI suggest that 78% female victims and 70% male victims of firearm offences (with firearm-caused injuries) were transported to emergency departments by ground ambulance. We assume that this percentage applies to all the victims of firearm-related crime, regardless of whether the injury was caused by a firearm or not.
- Table note f
-
There is not much variation in the cost of providing an ambulance transport among provinces. We use the statistics from British Columbia. Source: Ministry of Health, BC Ambulance Service, 2007, Ambulance Fee Changes, available from http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2007HEALTH0101-001106-Attachment1.htm. In 2006/07, the average cost of providing a ground ambulance transport to hospital was $565 which is equivalent to $587 in 2008 after inflation adjustment.
B.1.2.1 Medical Attention at ED (Firearm-caused Injuries, hospital-reported data)
| Number of female victims having ED treatment in Ontario | 9Table note g |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims having ED treatment in Ontario | 131Table note g |
| Number of female victims transported to ED by ground ambulance in ON | 7Table note g |
| Number of male victims transported to ED by ground ambulance in ON | 91Table note g |
| Population of Ontario that is female aged 12 and over, 2008 | 5,711,646Table note h |
| Population of Ontario that is male aged 12 and over, 2008 | 5,494,444Table note h |
| Population of Canada that is female aged 12 and over, 2008 | 14,674,120Table note h |
| Population of Canada that is male aged 12 and over, 2008 | 14,287,122Table note h |
| Estimated number of female victims having ED treatment in Canada (9*14,674,120/5,711,646) | 23Table note i |
| Estimated number of male victims having ED treatment in Canada (131*14,287,122/5,494,444) | 341Table note i |
| Average ED treatment cost per visit | $400.41Table note j |
| Cost of ED treatment for female victims (23*$400.41) | $9,209 |
| Cost of ED treatment for male victims (341*$400.41) | $136,540 |
| Estimated number of female victims transported to ED by ground ambulance in Canada (7*14,674,120/5,711,646) | 18Table note i |
| Estimated number of male victims transported to ED by ground ambulance in Canada (91*14,287,122/5,494,444) | 237Table note i |
| Average cost of ground ambulance service | $587.08Table note k |
| Cost of ground ambulance transports for female victims (18*$587.08) | $10,567 |
| Cost of ground ambulance transports for male victims (237*$587.08) | $139,138 |
| ED visit cost for female victims ($9,209+$10,567) | $19,776 |
| ED visit cost for male victims ($136,540+$139,138) | $275,678 |
| Total Emergency Department Visit Cost ($19,776+$275,678) | $295,454 |
- Table note g
-
Source: CIHI, National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS) 2008/09. Only Ontario is covered in the NACRS.
- Table note h
-
Source: Statistics Canada, Annual Demographic Statistics, 2009. As suggested by the CIHI data, more than half of the patients with firearm-caused injuries were less than 23 years old. Therefore, we decided to use the population aged 12 and over, rather than 18 and over, for the estimation.
- Table note i
-
It is assumed that the relevant per capita statistics in Canada are the same as the figures in Ontario.
- Table note j
-
See Section B.1.2 note d.
- Table note k
-
See Section B.1.2 note f.
Note that records from federal hospitals, e.g. prisons and veteran hospitals are not included. Patients who arrived dead at the hospital or died before treatment are excluded in the cost estimation. Only gunshot injuries that were intentionally caused by other people are included. Accidents and intentional self-harm such as suicides are excluded. Table B1 presents the offence categories which are included.
| X93 | Assault by handgun discharge |
|---|---|
| X94 | Assault by rifle, shotgun and larger firearm discharge |
| X95 | Assault by other and unspecified firearm discharge |
| X95.00 | Assault by BB gun discharge |
| X95.01 | Assault by air gun discharge |
| X95.08 | Assault by other specified firearm discharge |
| X95.09 | Assault by unspecified firearm discharge |
B.1.3 Acute Hospitalization (Firearm-caused Injuries, hospital-reported data)
| Number of female victims admitted to acute hospitalization in Canada excluding Quebec | 11Table note l |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims admitted to acute hospitalization in Canada excluding Quebec | 206Table note l |
| Number of female victims transported to acute care institutions in Canada excluding Quebec, by type of ambulance | 11 |
| By ground ambulance | 9Table note l |
| By combination of air, ground and water ambulance | 2Table note l |
| Number of male victims transported to acute care institutions in Canada excluding Quebec, by type of ambulance | 130 |
| By air ambulance | 3Table note l |
| By ground ambulance | 123Table note l |
| By combination of air, ground and water ambulance | 4Table note l |
| Population of Canada excluding Quebec that is female aged 12 and over | 11,226,013Table note m |
| Population of Canada excluding Quebec that is male aged 12 and over | 10,937,777Table note m |
| Population of Canada that is female aged 12 and over | 14,674,120Table note m |
| Population of Canada that is male aged 12 and over | 14,287,122Table note m |
| Estimated number of female victims admitted to hospitalization in Canada (11/11,226,013*14,674,120) | 14Table note n |
| Estimated number of male victims admitted to hospitalization in Canada (206/10,937,777*14,287,122) | 269Table note n |
| Average hospitalization cost per female patient | $46,868Table note o |
| Average hospitalization cost per male patient | $19,997Table note o |
| Hospitalization cost of firearm-caused injuries, female victims (14*46,868) | $656,152 |
| Hospitalization cost of firearm-caused injuries, male victims (269*19,997) | $5,379,193 |
| Estimated number of female victims transported to acute care institutions in Canada, by type of ambulance | 15 |
| By ground ambulance (9/11,226,013*14,674,120) | 12Table note n |
| By combination of air, ground and water ambulance (2/11,226,013*14,674,120) | 3Table note n |
| Estimated number of male victims transported to acute care institutions in Canada, by type of ambulance | 170 |
| By air ambulance (3/10,937,777*14,287,122) | 4Table note n |
| By ground ambulance (123/10,937,777*14,287,122) | 161Table note n |
| By combination of air, ground and water ambulance (4/10,937,777*14,287,122) | 5Table note n |
| Average cost of ground ambulance service | $587.08Table note p |
| Average cost of air ambulance service | $4,675.84Table note p |
| Average cost of combination of ambulance services ($587.08+$4,675.84) | $5,262.92Table note q |
| Cost of ambulance transportation to acute care institution in Canada (by gender) | $162,372 |
| Female victims (12*$587.08+3*$5,262.92) | $22,834Table note o |
| Male victims (4*$4,675.84+161*$587.08+5*$5,262.92) | $139,538Table note o |
| Total acute hospitalization costs for female victims ($656,152+$22,834) | $678,986 |
| Total acute hospitalization costs for male victims ($5,379,193+$1,139,538) | $5,518,731 |
| Total acute hospitalization costs ($678,986+$5,518,731) | $6,197,717 |
- Table note l
-
Source: CIHI, Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) 2008/09. Quebec is not covered in the DAD . In addition, records from federal hospitals, e.g. prisons and veteran hospitals are also not included in the DAD . Ambulance transport services examined in this section do not include those transports to emergency departments. See Section B.1.2.1 note g.
- Table note m
- Table note n
-
It is assumed that the relevant per capita statistics in Canada are the same as the figures in Quebec.
- Table note o
-
The CIHI provides valuable cost information, including average length of stay (LOS), average resource intensity weight (RIW) and cost per weighted case (CPWC), for firearm-caused injuries by offence category. By using this information, we are able to estimate the average hospitalization cost per patient for firearm-caused injuries.
- Table note p
-
There is not much variation in the cost of providing an ambulance transport among provinces. We use the statistics from British Columbia. Source: Ministry of Health, BC Ambulance Service, 2007, Ambulance Fee Changes, available from http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2007HEALTH0101-001106-Attachment1.htm. In 2006/07, the average cost was $565 for providing a ground ambulance transport, and $4,500 for an air ambulance transport. After inflation adjustment, the costs become $587.08 and $4,675.84, respectively, in 2008.
- Table note q
-
For a combination of different ambulance transports, we only count one air ambulance transport and one ground ambulance transport.
| Female | Male | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Medical Attention from a Physician | $12,185 | $167 | $12,352 |
| Medical Attention at a Hospital | $872,771 | $66,298 | $939,069 |
| Acute Hospitalization | $678,986 | $5,518,731 | $6,197,717 |
| Total Health Care Costs | $1,563,942 | $5,585,196 | $7,149,138 |
B.2 Productivity Losses
B.2.1 Lost Wages and SalariesTable note r
| Number of days staying in hospital, female victims, GSS 2009, mMin File | 245Table note s |
|---|---|
| Number of days staying in bed (excluding hospital time), female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 1,254Table note t |
| Number of days off from work (excluding hospital and bed time), female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 4,257Table note u |
| Total number of days absent from work (245+1,254+4,257), female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 5,756 |
| Average daily wage rate of female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | $117.80Table note v |
| Lost wages for female victims (5,756*$117.80), female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | $678,057 |
| Number of days staying in hospital, male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 0Table note s |
| Number of days staying in bed (excluding hospital time), male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 44Table note t |
| Number of days off from work (excluding hospital time and bed time, male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 328Table note u |
| Total number of days absent from work (44+328), male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 372 |
| Average daily wage rate of male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | $178.87Table note v |
| Lost wages for male victims (372*$178.87), GSS 2009, Main File | $66,540 |
| Number of days absent from work, female victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | 289,787Table note w |
| Average daily wage rate of female victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | $145.36Table note x |
| Lost wages for female victims (289,787*$145.36), GSS 2009, Incident File | $42,123,438 |
| Number of days absent from work, male victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | 137,965Table note w |
| Average daily wage rate of male victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | $140.44Table note x |
| Lost wages for male victims (137,965*$140.44), male victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | $19,375,805 |
| Total Lost Wages for Female Victims ($678,057+$42,123,438), GSS 2009, Incident File | $42,801,495 |
| Total Lost Wages for Male Victims ($66,540+$19,375,805), GSS 2009, Incident File | $19,442,345 |
| Total Lost Wages to Victims ($42,801,495+$19,442,345), GSS 2009, Incident File | $62,243,840 |
- Table note r
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. In the Main File, respondents who reported that their main activity during the last 12 months was either “working at a paid job or business” or “maternity/paternity leave” are included (ACMYR). In the Incident File, respondents who reported that their main activity was “working at a paid job or business are included (OBC_Q150), as there is no record for “maternity leave” and “on vacation”.
- Table note s
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, ACMYR, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q135_C (2004), CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q132. Information for time length staying in hospital is not available in the 2009 GSS PUMP file. Therefore, the value from the 2004 GSS is used in the present estimation.
- Table note t
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, ACMYR, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q155_C, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q155_C. In the 2009 GSS questionnaire, respondents could respond 1 day, 2 days and 3 days or more as their answer to the question regarding the number of days staying in bed. For respondents who answered 3 days or more, we use 3 days for the estimation.
- Table note u
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, ACMYR, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q160, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q160. It is assumed that each victim who took time off from their main activity, on average, took 2 days.
- Table note v
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, ACMYR, INCM, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190. Daily wages are calculated from annual income divided by 52.18 weeks per year and 5 days per week.
- Table note w
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, OBC_Q150, OBC_Q160 and LOSTDAYS. Variable LOSTDAYS reported number of days that respondent found it difficult or impossible to carry out his/her main activity (the activity was disrupted for at least 6 hours during a day.
- Table note x
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX; Incident File: INCM, CIR_Q105_C01, OBC_Q150, OBC_Q160. Daily wages are calculated from annual income divided by 52.18 weeks per year and 5 days per week.
B.2.2 Lost Household Services
| Number of days staying in hospital, female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 268Table note y |
|---|---|
| Number of days staying in bed (excluding hospital time), female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 1,843Table note z |
| Number of days off from work (excluding hospital and bed time), female victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 4,777Table note aa |
| Number of lost days, female victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | 219,222Table note ab |
| Total Number of Days Not Able to Perform Household Services (268+1,843+4,777+219,222) | 298,110 |
| Number of days staying in hospital, male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 0Table note y |
| Number of days staying in bed (excluding hospital time), male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 87Table note z |
| Number of days off from work (excluding hospital and bed time), male victims, GSS 2009, Main File | 336Table note aa |
| Number of lost days, male victims, GSS 2009, Incident File | 143,754Table note ab |
| Total Number of Days Not Able to Perform Household Services (0+87+336+143,754) | 144,177 |
| Average hours per day in housework and spousal care activities, female | 3.9Table note ac |
| Average hours per day in housework and spousal care activities, male | 2.5Table note ac |
| Lost hours for household services, female victims (298,110*3.9) | 1,162,629 |
| Lost hours for household services, male victims (144,177*2.5) | 360,443 |
| Average hourly wage rate for household workers (Inflation adjustment) | $13.2Table note ad |
| Value of lost household services for female victims (1,162,629*$13.2) | $15,346,703 |
| Value of lost household services for male victims (360,443*$13.2) | $4,757,848 |
| Total value of lost household services ($15,346,703+$4,757,848) | $20,104,551 |
- Table note y
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q135_C (2004), CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q132. See section B.2.1, note b.
- Table note z
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q155_C, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q155_C. See section B.2.1, note c.
- Table note aa
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q160, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q160. See section B.2.1, note d.
- Table note ab
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, OBC_Q160, LOSTDAYS. See section B.2.1, note f.
- Table note ac
-
Source: Statistics Canada. July 2011. General Social Survey 2010: Overview of the Time Use of Canadians. Catalogue no. 89-647-X, available at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-647-x/89-647-x2011001-eng.pdf.
- Table note ad
-
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey. The average wage rate of household workers for activities such as meal preparation and cleanup, house cleaning, laundry and sewing was $12.91 per hour in 2007. After inflation adjustment, the cost was $13.2 in 2008.
B.2.3 Lost School DaysTable note ae
| Number of days missing school, female victims, aged 20+ | 154Table note af |
|---|---|
| Number of days missing school, male victims, aged 18+ | 1,461Table note af |
| Number of days missing school, male victims, aged 15-17 | 4,328Table note af |
| National average annual tuition fees for undergraduate studies, 2008 | $4,854Table note ag |
| Average school days in universities in Canada | 125Table note ah |
| Average cost per university day ($4,854/125) | $38.83 |
| National average annual tuition fees for secondary education, 2008 | $7,198Table note ai |
| Average secondary school days in Canada | 190Table note aj |
| Average cost per secondary school day ($7,198/190) | $37.88 |
| Value of lost school days for female victims (154*$38.83) | $5,980 |
| Value of lost school days for male victims (1,461*$38.83+4,328*$37.88) | $220,675 |
| Total value of lost school days ($5,980+$220,675) | $226,655 |
- Table note ae
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. In the Main File, respondents who reported their main activity during the last 12 months was “going to school” are included (ACMYR). In the Incident File, respondents who reported their main activity was “going to school” are included (OBC_Q150).
- Table note af
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, ACMYR, AGEGR5, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q135_C (2004), XAI_155_C, XAI_Q160, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q132, SAI_Q155_C, SAI_Q160; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, OBC_Q150, OBC_Q160, LOSTDAYS. See section B.2.1, note s, t and u.
- Table note ag
-
Source: Statistics Canada, The Daily, University Tuition Fees, 2010/2011, available from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/100916/dq100916-eng.pdf. The national average undergraduate tuition fee for Canadian full-time students was $4,942 in 2009/10. After inflation adjustment, the tuition fee was $4,854 in 2008.
- Table note ah
-
There is not much variation in terms of the length of school days among universities. For example, University of Toronto offered 120 instruction days in 2009, information available at http://www.artsandscience.utoronto.ca/ofr/archived/0910calendar/0910_Calendar.pdf. McGill University offered 130 instruction days for undergraduate programs in 2008, information available at http://coursecalendar.mcgill.ca/ugcal200809/wwhelp/wwhimpl/js/html/wwhelp.htm. The University of British Columbia offered 125 teaching days in 2009, information available at http://www.senate.ubc.ca/vancouver/termdates.cfm?go=archive. Therefore, 125 days was used in the present report.
- Table note ai
-
This is an average figure of several provinces, including New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. Source: Provincial Department of Education, Annual reports.
- Table note aj
-
Canada generally has 190 school days (secondary education) per year. Source: Wikipedia, Education in Canada, available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canada.
B.2.4 Lost Child Care ServicesTable note ak
| Number of days losing child care services, female victims | 1,410Table note al |
|---|---|
| Number of days losing child care services, male victims | 0Table note al |
| Average child care cost per day 2008 | $30Table note am |
| Cost of lost child care service for female victims (1,410*30) | $42,300 |
| Cost of lost child care service for male victims (0*30) | $0 |
| Total value of lost child care services ($42,300+$0) | $42,300 |
- Table note ak
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. In the Main File, respondents who reported their main activity during the last 12 months was “caring for children” are included (ACMYR). In the Incident File, respondents who reported their main activity was “caring for children” are included (OBC_Q150).
- Table note al
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, ACMYR, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, XAI_Q132, XAI_155, XAI_Q160, CRVIOL, PSP_Q190, SAI_Q132, SAI_155, SAI_Q160; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, OBC_Q150, OBC_Q160, LOSTDAYS.
- Table note am
-
Source: Today's Parent, available from http://www.todaysparent.com/lifeasparent/childcare/article.jsp?content=20100302_173310_5996&page=1. This figure is the average cost of services proved to different age groups of children (infant, toddler, preschool and school age) across all provinces.
B.2.5 Lost Future IncomeTable note an
| Number of female victims needing long-term care in Canada excluding Quebec | 1Table note ao |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims needing long-term care in Canada excluding Quebec | 46Table note ao |
| Population of Canada excluding Quebec that is female aged 12 and over | 11,226,013Table note ap |
| Population of Canada excluding Quebec that is male aged 12 and over | 10,937,777Table note ap |
| Population of Canada that is female aged 12 and over | 14,674,120Table note ap |
| Population of Canada that is male aged 12 and over | 14,287,122Table note ap |
| Estimated number of female victims needing long-term care in Canada (1/11,226,013*14,674,120) | 1Table note aq |
| Estimated number of male victims needing long-term care in Canada (46/10,937,777*14,287,122) | 62Table note aq |
| Average age of female victims needing long-term care | 23Table note ao |
| Average age of male victims needing long-term care | 28Table note ao |
| Median retirement age for females in Canada 2008 | 60.6Table note ar |
| Median retirement age for males in Canada 2008 | 61.3Table note ar |
| Lost working years for female victims (60.6-23) | 37.6 |
| Lost working years for male victims (61.3-28) | 33.3 |
| Average annual income for female victims of firearm crime | $33,550Table note as |
| Average annual income for male victims of firearm crime | $34,219Table note as |
| The present value of income losses per female victim ($33,550*37.6) | $1,216,480Table note at |
| The present value of total income losses per male victim ($34,219*33.3) | $1,139,493Table note at |
| Future income losses for female victims ($1,216,480*1) | $1,261,480 |
| Future income losses for male victims ($ 1,139,493*62) | $70,648,547 |
| Total future income losses ($ 1,261,480+$ 70,648,547) | $71,910,027 |
- Table note an
-
Source: CIHI, Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), 2008/09. Victims who were discharged from hospital but then transferred to long-term care facilities are examined in this section. It is assumed that those victims who required long-term care would lose their ability to perform working task during the rest of their lives.
- Table note ao
-
Source: CIHI, Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) 2008/09. Quebec is not covered in the DAD. In addition, records from federal hospitals, e.g. prisons and veteran hospitals are also not included in the DAD.
- Table note ap
- Table note aq
- Table note ar
-
Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey (LFS), Retirement Age by Class of Worker and Sex, CANSIM, Table 282-0051.
- Table note as
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, EXVIOL, PSX_Q190, AGEGR5, INCM; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01. The average annual income is calculated for all respondents who had experienced victimization of crime where a gun was present or used.
- Table note at
-
For the purpose of simplicity, we assume that there is no significant position promotion and the general annual income increase is only to offset the impact of inflation. Then by assuming that the discount rate is the same as the future inflation rate (e.g. no capital cost), this figure is lump-sum present value of the entire future income stream for victims. In this case, we are actually assuming that the present value of the future annual income remain the same as the value in the year 2008.
| Female | Male | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lost Wages and Salaries | $42,801,495 | $19,442,345 | $62,243,840 |
| Lost Household Services | $15,346,703 | $4,757,848 | $20,104,551 |
| Lost School Days | $5,980 | $220,675 | $226,655 |
| Lost Child Care Services | $42,300 | $0 | $42,300 |
| Lost Future Incomes | $1,261,480 | $70,648,547 | $71,910,027 |
| Total Productivity Losses | $59,457,958 | $95,069,415 | $154,527,373 |
B.3 Personal Costs
B.3.1 Stolen/Damaged Property
| Value of stolen/damaged property for female victims | $26,157,986Table note au |
|---|---|
| Value of stolen/damaged property for male victims | $2,233,247Table note au |
| Total value of stolen/damaged property ($26,157,986+$2,233,247) | $28,391,233 |
- Table note au
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, WGHT_PER; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, SPR_Q130_C, VALDAMGE_C, WGHT_VIC.About 23,861 female victims and 9,916 male reported that they had property stolen or damaged during the incidents.
B.3.2 Legal Services
| Number of female victims contacting lawyer | 16,875Table note av |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims contacting lawyer | 467Table note av |
| Average hourly rate of lawyer 2008 | $231Table note aw |
| Average service length (visiting hours) per victim | 5Table note ax |
| Legal service costs for female victims (16,875*$231*5) | $19,490,625 |
| Legal service costs for male victims (467*$231*5) | $539,385 |
| Total legal service costs ($19,490,625+$539,385) | $20,030,010 |
- Table note av
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, PSX_Q190, EXVIOL, XTA_Q150, PSP_Q190, CRVIOL, STA_Q150; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, TTA_Q150, WGHT_VIC.
- Table note aw
-
Source: The Canadian Lawyer's 2009 Legal Fees Survey.
- Table note ax
-
No information is available regarding the length (hours) of service use. It is assumed that on average, each victim required 5 hours legal services.
B.3.3 Counselling Services
| Number of female victims contacting counsellor or psychologist | 3,408Table note ay |
|---|---|
| Number of male victims contacting counsellor or psychologist | 3,232Table note ay |
| Average hourly cost of counselling | $70Table note az |
| Average service length (visiting hours) per victim | 24Table note ba |
| counselling service costs for female victims (3,408*$70*24) | $5,725,440 |
| counselling service costs for male victims (3,232*$70*24) | $5,429,760 |
| Total counselling service costs ($5,725,440+$5,429,760) | $11,155,200 |
- Table note ay
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Mail File: SEX, PSX_Q190, XCS_Q125, PSP_Q190, SCS_Q125; Incident File: CIR_Q105_C01, TTA_Q220, WGHT_VIC.
- Table note az
-
In Saskatoon, the average cost of private, unsubsidized counselling is $60 to $100 per hour and community-based, publicly funded counselling is typically $45 per hour. Source: Prairie Women's Health Centre of Excellence, The Cost of Providing Health Care Services to Women Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse 2003, available from http://www.pwhce.ca/pdf/TamarasHouse31_01_03.pdf. We use a lower bound value of the private, unsubsidized counselling for the estimation. After inflation adjustment, the counselling cost was $70 per hour in 2008. This rate is within the rate range ($40-$105) regulated by the Crime Victim Assistance Program Counselling Guidelines, Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, British Columbia.
- Table note ba
-
Source: Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, British Columbia. Crime Victim Assistance Program Counselling Guidelines, available from http://www.pssg.gov.bc.ca/victimservices/publications/docs/cvap-counselling-guidelines.pdf. This guideline establishes the maximum number of hours of counselling provided to victims: 48 hours. Following this, we assume that generally victims on average require 24 hours counselling services.
| Female | Male | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stolen/Damaged Property | $26,157,986 | $2,233,247 | $28,391,233 |
| Legal Services | $19,490,625 | $539,385 | $20,030,010 |
| Counselling Services | $5,725,440 | $5,429,760 | $11,155,200 |
| Total Personal Costs | $51,374,051 | $8,202,392 | $59,576,443 |
B.4 Intangible Costs to Victims
B.4.1 Pain and Suffering
| Number of female victims who survived the crime, UCR2 2008 | 3,025Table note bb |
|---|---|
| Number of female victims with major physical firearm-caused injury, UCR2 2008 | 37Table note bc |
| Percentage of femalevictims with major physical firearm-caused injury (37/3,025), UCR2 2008 | 1.22% |
| Percentage of female victims with minor or no injury (1-1.22%), UCR2 2008 | 98.78% |
| Number of female victims of sexual assault, GSS 2009 | 1,051Table note bd |
| Number of female victims of robbery, GSS 2009 | 8,593Table note bd |
| Number of female victims of assault, GSS 2009 | 18,830Table note bd |
| Total Number of Female Victims (1,051+8,593+18,830) | 28,474 |
| Number of female victims with major physical firearm-caused injury (28,474*1.22%) | 347Table note be |
| Number of female sexual assault victims with minor or no injury (1,051*98.78%) | 1,038Table note be |
| Number of female robbery victims with minor or no injury (8,593*98.78%) | 8,488Table note be |
| Number of female assault victims with minor or no injury (18,830*98.78%) | 18,600Table note be |
| Number of male victims who survived the crime, UCR2 2008 | 6,177Table note bb |
| Number of male victims with major physical firearm-caused injury, UCR2 2008 | 399Table note bc |
| Percentage of male victims with major physical firearm-caused injury (399/6,177), UCR2 2008 | 6.46% |
| Percentage of male victims with minor or no injury (1-6.46%), UCR2 2008 | 93.54% |
| Number of male victims of sexual assault, GSS 2009 | 1,521Table note bd |
| Number of male victims of robbery, GSS 2009 | 2,742Table note bd |
| Number of male victims of assault, GSS 2009 | 21,321Table note bd |
| Total Number of Male Victims (1,521+2,742+21,321) | 25,584 |
| Number of male victims with major physical firearm-caused injury (25,584*6.46%) | 1,653Table note be |
| Number of male sexual assault victims with minor or no injury (1,521*93.54%) | 1,423Table note be |
| Number of male robbery victims with minor or no injury (2,742*93.54%) | 2,565Table note be |
| Number of male assault victims with minor or no injury (21,321*93.54%) | 19,944Table note be |
| Proposed value of pain and suffering (major physical firearm-caused injury) | $117,000Table note bf |
| Proposed value of pain and suffering (minor or no injury, sexual assault) | $84,500Table note bf |
| Proposed value of pain and suffering (minor or no injury, robbery) | $14,500Table note bf |
| Proposed value of pain and suffering (minor or no injury, assault) | $9,500Table note bf |
| Value of pain and suffering for female victims with physical firearm-caused injury ($117,000*347) | $40,599,000 |
| Value of pain and suffering for female sexual assault victims with minor or no injury ($84,500*1,038) | $87,711,000 |
| Value of pain and suffering for female robbery victims with minor or no injury ($14,500*8,488) | $123,076,000 |
| Value of pain and suffering for female assault victims with minor or no injury ($9,500*18,600) | $176,700,000 |
| Value of Pain and Suffering for All Female Victims | $428,086,000 |
| Value of pain and suffering for male victims with physical firearm-caused injury ($117,000*1,653) | $193,401,000 |
| Value of pain and suffering for male sexual assault victims with minor or no injury ($84,500*1,423) | $120,243,500 |
| Value of pain and suffering for male robbery victims with minor or no injury ($14500*2,565) | $37,192,500 |
| Value of pain and suffering for male robbery victims with minor or no injury ($9,500*19,944) | $189,468,000 |
| Value of Pain and Suffering for All Male Victims | $540,305,000 |
| Total value of pain and suffering ($428,086,000+$540,305,000) | $968,391,000 |
- Table note bb
-
Source: Statistics Canada, CCJS, Uniform Crime Report Survey 2 (UCR2) 2008, Victims of Violent Crime where Firearms were Present, by Violation and Sex of Victim. Micro data was extracted in February, 2011.
- Table note bc
-
Source: Statistics Canada, CCJS, Uniform Crime Report Survey 2 (UCR2) 2008, Victims of Violent Crime where Firearms were Used, by Violation, Sex of Victim and Level of Injury. Micro data was extracted in February, 2011. In the UCR2, major physical injury is defined as more than trifling or transient in nature and requiring professional medical attention at the scene or transportation to a medical facility.
- Table note bd
-
Source: Statistics Canada, GSS 2009, Cycle 23, Victimization. Main File: SEX, PSX_Q190, EXVIOL, EXPHYSABUSE, EXSEXABUSE, PSP_Q190, CRVIOL, CRPHYSABUSE, CRSEXABUSE; Incident File, CIR_Q105_C01, MSCRIME.
- Table note be
-
Since the 2009 GSS data does not distinguish the different levels of injuries, we use the information suggested by the UCR2 data. We separate the victims into various groups. Those with major physical firearm-caused injury are in one group regardless of the offence type and those with minor or no injury are separated further by offence type: sexual assault, robbery and assault.
- Table note bf
-
Cohen (1988) used jury award information to value pain and suffering for non-fatal injuries. He estimated the monetary value of pain and suffering for gunshot wound/firearms injury at USD$59,344. He also estimated the value of pain and suffering for other crimes, including USD$43,561 for rape, USD$7,459 for robbery and USD$4,921 for assault. These four figures are used to estimate the value of pain and suffering for the four groups of victims: victims with major physical firearm-caused injury, sexual assault victims with minor or no injury; robbery victims with minor or no injury and assault victims with minor or no injury. Take inflation into consideration, these values were equivalent to approximately CAD$117,000, $84,500, $14,500 and $9,500 in 2008 dollars.
B.4.2 Loss of Life
| Number of female deaths due to firearms related crimes 2008 | 25Table note bg |
|---|---|
| Number of male deaths due to firearms related crimes 2008 | 179Table note bg |
| Proposed dollar value of a human life | $7,490,000Table note bg |
| Value of lost lives for female victims (25*7,490,000) | $187,250,000 |
| Value of lost lives for male victims (179*$7,490,000) | $1,340,710,000 |
| Total value of loss of life ($187,250,000+$1,340,710,000) | $1,527,960,000 |
- Table note bg
-
The 2008/2009 VSL figure (average estimate based on labour market) in the US was about USD$7-8 million. It is decided to use the value of USD$7 million which is equivalent to $7.49 million in the 2008 Canadian dollar in the present report.
| Female | Male | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pain and Suffering | $428,086,000 | $540,305,000 | $968,391,000 |
| Loss of life | $187,250,000 | $1,340,710,000 | $1,527,960,000 |
| Total Intangible Costs | $615,336,000 | $1,881,015,000 | $2,496,351,000 |
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