A Typology of Profit-Driven Crimes
2. The Typology (continued)
Table 2: Predatory Crimes
| Victims : |
| Private Citizens |
Business Institutions |
Public Sector |
| Counterfeit Payment Cards |
Telecommunications Theft |
Counterfeit Currencies |
| Auto Theft |
Bankruptcy Fraud |
Counterfeit Passports |
| Extortion |
Maritime Fraud |
Social Security Fraud |
| Involuntary Servitude |
Bank Fraud |
Poaching |
| Kidnapping |
Robbery |
Income Tax Evasion |
| Sex Slavery |
Break & Enter |
Illegal Immigration |
| Theft of Cultural Property |
Arson |
Government Contract Fraud |
| Stock Fraud |
Insurance Fraud |
|
| Prime Investment Scheme |
Theft of Intellectual Property |
|
|
Embezzlement |
|
Table 3: Market Based Crimes
| Evasion of : |
| Regulations |
Taxes |
Prohibitions |
| Quota Violations |
Bootleg Alcohol |
Solicitation |
| CFC Regulations |
Cigarette Smuggling |
Sale of Stolen Goods |
| Art & Antiquities Smuggling |
Jewellery Excise |
Drug Trafficking |
| Loan-Sharking |
Bootleg Fuel |
Firearm Trafficking |
| Firearm Trafficking |
|
Alien Smuggling |
| Sale of Out of Season Game/Stock |
|
Endangered Species Trafficking |
|
|
Money Laundering |
|
|
Child Pornography |
|
|
Gaming and Betting |
|
|
Body Parts Trafficking |
Table 4: Commercial Crimes
| At the expense of : |
| Suppliers/Investors |
Customers |
Broader Society |
| Bankruptcy Fraud |
Telemarketing Fraud |
Transportation of Dangerous Goods |
| Insider Trading |
Consumer Fraud |
Storage of Dangerous Goods |
| Stock Fraud |
Pyramid Schemes |
|
| False Invoices |
Advanced Fee on Guaranteed Loan |
|
|
Price Fixing |
|
|
Theft of Intellectual Property |
|
|
Bribery |
|
To run a further test of the viability of the typology, nine cases were examined in-depth, three from each category, and within those three categories, one each from the three identified subcategories. The major criteria applied to each were the following:
- Was the main mechanism in transferring value force, free-market exchange, or fraud?
- Did the transfer involve redistribution of wealth, creation of new income, or redistribution of income?
- Did the transaction take place in a non-business (or fake business), underground network, or legitimate business context?
- Was the main means of transfer of value property, cash, or bank instruments? Although these criteria sometimes overlap, each emphasizes a different aspect of the offence. The more of these criteria that can be applied, the less the range of ambiguity.
| Choice of Cases |
Characteristics |
| (1) Predatory Crimes |
Victimizing: |
| a) payment card fraud |
private citizens |
| b) bank fraud |
business institutions |
| c) currency counterfeiting |
public sector |
| (2) Market-Based |
Evading: |
| a) loan-sharking |
regulations (terms) |
| b) CFC smuggling |
taxes |
| c) traffic in endangered species prohibitions |
|
| (3) Commercial: |
Involving |
| a) fraudulent bankruptcy |
fraud against investors or suppliers |
| b) telemarketing scams |
deception against customers |
| c) toxic waste dumping |
illegal cost reduction at third party expense |
| 12 Research and Statistics Division |
|
- Where it seems that, in the great majority of instances, an offence should be in one category rather than another, it is marked (x).
- Where an offence seems equally at home in two or more, it is indicated (x) in all relevant categories.
- Where a traditional category does not seem to suffice to capture all of the component acts of a particular offence, a second may be added (e.g., prostitution is listed separately from sex slavery in the above tables).
- Where there is a good chance it could fall into more than one category, the most probable is indicated (x), with a (?) to show other possibilities.
The results are summarized in the following four tables (tables 5 to 8):
