A Typology of Profit-Driven Crimes
2.The Typology (continued)
Table 5: Main Mechanism
Force/Deception
|
Force |
Free-Market Exchange |
Fraud |
| Payment Card Fraud |
X |
|
|
| Bank Fraud |
X |
|
|
| Currency Counterfeiting |
X |
|
|
Market Based
|
Force |
Free-Market Exchange |
Fraud |
| Bear Gall Bladder Trade |
|
X |
|
| Loan-Sharking |
|
X |
|
| CFC Trafficking |
|
X |
|
Business Fraud
|
Force |
Free-Market Exchange |
Fraud |
| Fraudulent Bankruptcy |
|
|
X |
| Telemarketing Fraud |
|
|
X |
| Illegal Toxic Waste Dumping |
|
|
X |
Table 6: Nature of Transfer
Force/Deception
|
Redistribution of Wealth |
Creation of New Income |
Redistribution of Income |
| Payment Card Fraud |
X |
|
|
| Bank Fraud |
X |
|
|
| Currency Counterfeiting |
X |
|
|
Market Based
|
Redistribution of Wealth |
Creation of New Income |
Redistribution of Income |
| Bear Gall Bladder Trade |
|
X |
|
| Loan-Sharking |
X |
X |
X |
| CFC Trafficking |
|
X |
|
Business Fraud
|
Redistribution of Wealth |
Creation of New Income |
Redistribution of Income |
| Fraudulent Bankruptcy |
? |
|
? |
| Telemarketing Fraud |
X |
|
X |
| Illegal Toxic Waste Dumping |
|
|
|
Table 7: Institutional Context
Force/Deception
|
Non or Fake Business |
Underground Network |
Legitimate Business |
| Payment Card Fraud |
x |
|
|
| Bank Fraud |
x |
|
|
| Currency Counterfeiting |
|
x |
|
Market Based
|
Non or Fake Business |
Underground Network |
Legitimate Business |
| Bear Gall Bladder Trade |
|
x |
|
| Loan-Sharking |
|
x |
|
| CFC Trafficking |
|
|
x |
Business Fraud
|
Non or Fake Business |
Underground Network |
Legitimate Business |
| Fraudulent Bankruptcy |
|
|
x |
| Telemarketing Fraud |
|
|
x |
| Illegal Toxic Waste Dumping |
|
|
X |
Table 8: Means of Payment / Transfer of Value
Force/Deception
|
Cash |
Bank Instruments |
Force/Deception |
| Payment Card Fraud |
x |
x |
x |
| Bank Fraud |
|
|
x |
| Currency Counterfeiting |
|
x |
|
Market Based
|
Cash |
Bank Instruments |
Force/Deception |
| Bear Gall Bladder Trade |
|
x |
|
| Loan-Sharking |
|
x |
|
| CFC Trafficking |
|
|
x |
Business Fraud
|
Cash |
Bank Instruments |
Force/Deception |
| Fraudulent Bankruptcy |
|
|
x |
| Telemarketing Fraud |
|
|
x |
| Illegal Toxic Waste Dumping |
|
|
x |
In the next section, each of these nine cases is subjected to closer examination.
